Historiographic considerations
This treatment of natural and occult philosophy as a reconciliation
of three epistemological strategies, namely, causal, semiological and
volitional, prevents the reduction of early modern occult philosophy
to a singular philosophical stream, whether it is Neoplatonism,
‘Hermeticism’, Kabbalah, etc.
14
It moves us a step closer to understand-
ing the complexity of occult thought as a whole. More significantly,
since the aim here is to show that causal explanations did not exclude
semiological and spiritual interpretations, any evaluation based on the
notion of ‘rationality’ imposed on astrology and magic becomes prob-
lematic, leading us to reject positing them in relation to ‘modern
science’. In Religion and the Decline of Magic, Keith Thomas discusses
the history of the decline of what he considers ineffective practices of
astrology and magic (ineffective – by modern standards – practices that
were taken so seriously by intelligent persons in the past), arguing that
this decline was causally and proportionally related to the rise of the Sci-
entific Revolution.
15
Other historians, adopting a positivistic method,
find in them the anticipation of important scientific discoveries, con-
taining scientific potential.
16
In a more relativistic move, Allen G. Debus
remarks:
Some of the scholars whose work contributed to our modern scien-
tific age, found magic, alchemy, and astrology no less stimulating
Introduction
5
than the new interest in mathematical abstraction, observation, and
experiment. Today, we find it easy – and necessary – to separate
‘science’ from occult interests, but many could not. And we can-
not relegate this interest in a mystical world view to a few lesser
figures forgotten today except by antiquarians. [
. . . ] If we do this
we cannot hope to reach any contextual understanding of the
period. [
. . . ] controversies over natural magic and the truth of the
macrocosm–microcosm analogy were then as important as the better-
remembered debates over the acceptance of the heliocentric system
or the circulation of the blood.
17
Such a view moves a step away from a positivistic stance but it remains a
strategic variance of it as occult ‘interests’ are still contrasted with a cer-
tain set of ‘scientific discoveries’. In his study on the rationality of magic,
Stanley Tambiah fixes the categories of science, magic and religion in
his structural analysis and argues that the demarcation between science,
religion and magic occurred in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
when modern science became ‘the quintessential form of rationality’.
The seeds of this demarcation were sown in the early Judaic opposition
between religion and magic. Within this period magic is perceived his-
torically by Tambiah as a current that runs at various depths beneath
‘science’ and ‘religion’.
18
Tabiah’s view presents magic as a marginal
subversion of scientific exactness and religious legitimacy. The cases
of this present book will show that natural/astral magic and its theo-
retical foundations were not conceived as anomalous concerns. They
drew on natural philosophy and religious beliefs, yet they were fixed in
neither.
Post-Enlightenment perception of magic’s inherent ‘non-rationality’
is contested by Kieckhefer who posits instead a ‘specific rationality’ to it.
He writes, ‘to conceive magic as rational was to believe, first of all, that it
could actually work (that its efficacy was shown by evidence recognized
within culture as authentic), and, secondly, that its workings were gov-
erned by principles (of theology and physics) that could be coherently
articulated’.
19
However, occult philosophy resists these reductionist cri-
teria as it includes verification through semiological interpretations and
admission of universal and individual vital agencies that do not exclu-
sively belong to the realm of physics or theology. This book lets the
texts themselves divulge their own paradigms. Astrology and magic are
viewed as neither distinct from, nor relative to, science as it is under-
stood today, but as a way of knowing that approaches the universe in
terms of signs, causes and spirits.
6
The Arabic Influences on Early Modern Occult Philosophy
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