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For example. The words childhood, kingdom were compound words: hood OE had (state, rank), dom OE dom condemn. But synchronically they are 27
considered as derived words because «-dom,» «-hood» became affixes. The words «return» and «turn» historically had semantic relations and «return» was considered as a word derived from «turn». But synchronically these words have no semantic relations and we can't say that «return» is derived from «turn».
Synchronically the most important and the most productive ways of word formation are: affixation, conversion, word-composition. Besides them there are other types of word formation such as: shortening, sound interchange, blending, back-formation. In the course of the historical development of a language the productivity of this or that way of word formation changes.
For example. Sound interchange (blood — bleed, strike — stroke) was a productive way of word formation in old English and it is an important subject-matter for a diachronic study of the English language. Sound interchange has lost its productivity in Modern English and no new words can be formed by means of sound interchange. Affixation on the contrary was productive in Old English and is still one of the most productive ways of word formation in Modern English.
Two types of word formation may be distinguished: word-derivation and word-composition. Words formed by word-derivation have only one stem and one or more derivational affixes (For example. kindness from kind). Some derived words have no affixes because derivation is achieved through conversion (For example. to paper from paper). Words formed by word composition have two or more stems (For example. bookcase, note-book). Besides there are words created by derivation and composition. Such words are called derivational compounds (For example. long-legged).
So the subject of study of word formation is to study the patterns on which the English language builds words.
The English and Uzbek languages differ in the types of word formation.
Their ways of word formation are also different. Affixation, composition, shortening are very productive ways of word formation in both languages. In Uzbek conversion, blending, sound interchange (stress interchange), backformation are less common type of word formation. As for as the English language concerned these types of word formation are very common. We can find a few words which formed by these types of word formation in the Uzbek language. The Comparative value of the word formation of English and Uzbek languages demands further investigations.
Word formation process is basically how new words are created and become part of the language. In linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word. In other words, it refers to the ways in which new words are made on the basis of other words or morphemes.2
There are a lot of ways of word formation. They are the followings:
1. Derivation: In linguistics, derivation is the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing word. For e.g. the word happiness and unhappy are derived from the word happy. Similarly, the word determination has been derived from determine. Derivation is the process of forming a new word by means of affixation (prefix, inflix and suffix). Words which consist of a root and an affix (or several affixes) are called derived words or derivatives and are produced by the process of word-building known as affixation (or derivation).
Derived words are extremely numerous in the English vocabulary.
Successfully competing with this structural type is the so-called root word which has only a root morpheme in its structure.
2. Compounding: A compound is a lexeme (a word) that consists of more than one other lexeme (word). It is categorized in two ways: An endocentric compound consists of a head and modifier. For e.g. the English compound doghouse, where house is the head and dog is the modifier, which shows that house is intended for a dog. Exocentric compounds do not have a head and their meaning often cannot be transparently guessed from its constituent parts. For e.g. the English compound white- collar is neither a kind of collar not a white thing.
3.Convertian is the process of coining a new word in a different part of speech without adding any derivative element, so that the basic form both of the original and derived words are homonymous.For example: a work(noun)-to work(verb) ,pale(adj)-to pale(verb), a catch(noun)-to catch(verb).
Conversion is a very productive way of forming new words in Modern English, (For examplework(n) — to work(v), pen(n) — to pen(v), to walk(v) — walk(n)). The term «conversicn» was first used by Sweet in his book «New English Grammar) in 1892.
There are a lot of approaches to the study of conversion. Some linguists think that conversion is the formation of words without affixes. Others1 say that conversion is the formation of new words with the help of a zero morpheme. 3
Conversion is also defined as a shift from one part of speech to another2. These treatments of conversion cause some doubt.
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