National university of uzbekistan named after mirzo ulugbek english philology department

Symbol - any person, object, or action that has additional meaning beyond itself.
Example: As a boy sits in class on the first day of school, he stares out the
window at a basketball sitting on the blacktop in the playground. As he gazes at it, the basketball reminds him of all the fun times he had over the summer. The basketball becomes a symbol of summer.
Theme - the meaning of a story, what it reveals about human nature; plot is what happens in the story, while theme is what it means.
Example: Plot: young soldier fights his first battle.
Theme: war is useless; fighting solves nothing.
Tone - the author’s attitude toward a subject, revealed by choice of words and details.
Example: The girl cast a lonely thin shadow on the gray brick wall, as her
classmates tumbled merrily in the brightly flowered fields beyond the school.
(the author feels sorry for the girl who isn’t playing with the other children).
Trait - a word which describes a character’s personality, or how she/he acts in the story; it must always be backed up with evidence (support or proof) from the story.
Example: Beatrice is very patient with her little sister, Ramona. Ramona is sometimes stubborn and doesn’t do what she is told, but Beatrice never yells or complains. Instead, she finds clever ways to get Ramona to behave. (the word patient is the trait; the second and third sentences provide the evidence, or proof, from the story).
Understatement - when the author presents something as less significant (important) than it really.
Example: Mr. Brumble looked at both test papers, back and forth, back and forth, noting that all the answers were exactly the same. He put the papers down on his desk, crossed his arms and said, “Boys, we have a little problem here”⁷.

2. 
   Irony and their types
   

So here's an irony definition. It's a literary device that highlights the incongruity (a fancy word for 'difference') between one's expectation for a situation, and the reality.
Part of the reason people find it hard to give a definition of irony is because of Alanis Morissette's 1995 hit song “Ironic”. Morissette sings about a number of situations – like rain on one's wedding day – that, while inconvenient, aren't ironic. Which means people like us need to rescue storytellers everywhere by writing a blog that explains what this literary term actually is.
Although she popularised irony, Alanis Morissette didn't invent it. That honour goes to the Greek character, Eiron. He was an underdog who used his considerable wit to fight another character. This spawned the Greek word eironeía, the literal meaning of which is 'purposely affected ignorance.' It then entered Latin as ironia, before becoming a popular English figure of speech in the 16th century.
Dramatic irony is when your audience has more information than your character(s) in a story. This nifty literary device became popular in Greek tragedy – and, true to the genre, the different point of view often leads to tragic outcomes⁸.
One famous example of dramatic irony is in Shakespeare's smash hit, Othello. The audience knows that Othello's BFF Iago is a bad guy who wants to ruin Othello. The audience also knows that Desdemona has been faithful. Othello doesn't know either of these things. This means that the audience can sense some imminent fireworks – while poor Othello remains in the dark.
There are three stages to dramatic irony: installation, exploitation, and resolution. In Othello's case:

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  The installation happens when Iago persuades Othello that Desdemona is having an affair with the mysterious Cassio (not to be confused with the watch brand)
  
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  The exploitation happens when Iago plants Desdemona’s handkerchief, a gift from Othello, in Cassio’s room
  
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  The resolution happens when Othello murders Desdemona after her friend Emilia says what Iago's been up to