National Development Strategy Croatia 2030: Roadmap for a Better Future


PISA scores in mathematics and science for 15-year-old Croatian students are among the worst



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PISA scores in mathematics and science for 15-year-old Croatian students are among the worst 
in the EU.
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This outcome is closely connected to the socio-economic status of the students, where those 
from poorer families tend to have lower scores. Notably, nearly half of all students who complete the 
primary and secondary program are functionally innumerate. In addition, there is an acute shortage of 
STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) teachers, which further aggravates the situ-
ation. 
101.
With respect to vocational education and training (VET), outdated VET programs that are dis-
connected from the needs of employers and a low emphasis on adult education exacerbate skills mis-
matches. 
Outdated VET programs are at the center of the mismatch between the supply of skills and the 
demands of the labor market. Despite recent progress in certain domains, the engagement between employ-
ers and VET schools remains limited. Croatians’ participation in lifelong learning activities is one of the 
lowest in the EU and this gap is most acute for those with the lowest levels of education and the long-term 
unemployed. Furthermore, the competencies of VET and adult education teachers are often outdated and 
disconnected from the current needs and practices of the vocational field in which they are teaching. In the 
case of adult education there is a vague certification framework that lacks quality assurance mechanisms 
to monitor and improve the quality of the programs. Finally, limited strategic planning and coordination at 
the national level for VET and adult education program offerings results in overlapping courses, the over-
saturation of graduates in certain areas and a lack of professionals in others. 
102.
In addition to the general challenges faced by VET programs, 3-year courses are particularly 

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