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MONOGRAPHY Social and Economic Development (3)

Financial engineering
 is a process of developing financial instruments for 
raising funds to  carry out an investment project and to achieve maximum 
economic return. Traditionally additional financial resources are understood as 
borrowings  on credit terms, i.e., for a specific duration with the condition of 
returning them to the lender. Under additional sources, we mean the resources 
that can be used along with investor’s own funds, i.e. the third-party resources. 
Raising additional funds may be caused by macroeconomic  needs or 
insufficient amount of the investor’s own  resources. In addition,  there is a 
possibility for a company use the effect of financial leverage, or the amount of 
borrowing that a company has in relation to its share capital. However, the 
company should be sure that it can make more profit by investing this borrowed 
money in its business activities than it pays in interest. Thus, the main rule of 
attracting additional funds in a project is as follows: the cost of borrowing must 
be lower than the profits generated by the project financed with this money.  
Business can raise money for investment through a variety of sources. One 
of them is through issuing bonds. A bond is an IOU or a written document 
providing evidence of a debt. Bonds are issued by a borrower to a lender, and 
the borrower promises to repay a specific sum of money plus the face value of 
the bond on a certain date (maturity date) when a bond becomes due for 
payment. The income from an investment, or a yield may be paid to the bond 
holder in various ways: as a fixed interest, the coupon yield with a premium or 
with a discount. As a rule, corporate bonds are long-term financial assets. 
One of the options for short-term financing  is a bill.  It is, in fact, is a 
promissory note. Corporate bills may be used as a short-term resource to cover 
some investment costs. Issuing bills business should be aware of commitment 
value, i.e. the total amount of borrowing through this financial  instrument. 
Excessive bill issues can lead to debt arrears, and negative consequences for the 
borrower. 
Another common way to raise money is through arranging bank credit or 
taking a bank loan. In terms of covering investment costs, it is a long-term 
 
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secured loan. The commonest type of loans in the developed countries is a 
mortgage loan. In addition, businesses can use an overdraft, collateral loans, or 
factoring. 
Thirdly, it is possible to involve more participants to the investment project 
through an establishment of financial  industrial groups (FIG)  or  arranging a 
financial lease. In the Russian practice, a trust is gaining its popularity. It is an 
arrangement by which property is held a person or persons (the trustees) for the 
benefit of some other person or persons (the beneficiaries). 
Other forms of raising finance are also possible. 

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