Principles for the development of investment policy of enterprises
Life cycle phase
Access to the
market
Growth phase
Maturity phase
Market exit
Increase in sales
Strategy crisis
Profitability crisis
Liquidity crisis
Insolvency
1. The company acts as an investor (an active participant in the investment market)
Real investment
only in your
own business
1. Real and
portfolio
investments in
expanding your
own business
2. Real
investments in
other enterprises,
industries, regions
through joint
activities
3. Portfolio
investments in
another business to
reduce the
technological
chain and reduce
costs
1. Real and portfolio
investments in
expanding your own
business
2. Portfolio
investments in the
stock market to
obtain additional
cash
3. Real investments
in the acquisition or
development of new
areas of activity
(businesses)
Real investment only in your own business
The company is not
an investor
Life cycle phase
Access to the
market
Growth phase
Maturity phase
Market exit
Increase in sales
Strategy crisis
Profitability crisis
Liquidity crisis
Insolvency
2. The enterprise acts as an investment object (passive participant in the investment market)
- The authorized
capital is
invested in new
construction,
the acquisition
of technology,
equipment, etc.
- The volume of
investments is
significant, but
cash flows and
profits are
minimal,
sometimes
negative
- Net income and
depreciation are
reinvested in
expansion of
production,
included to other
regions, related
industries, and
industries.
- The volume of
investment is
significant.
- The cash flow
balance covers
initial investments
and risks and gives
a small net present
value
- Sources of investments are net profit,
depreciation, funds from financial activities
(additional issue, loans, dividends from
investments in other enterprises, etc.).
- Funds are invested in new projects (areas
of activity, industries, regions), as well as
attractive and competitive areas of old
business.
- Investment in products in unattractive
markets that have lost competitiveness is
reduced.
- It is very important for enterprises during
this period to find a “core competency”
that will determine development directions
Sources of
investment can be
loans, funds raised
from the closure of
unprofitable lines of
activity.
Funds are invested
in new resource-
saving technologies
for the conversion of
existing activities or
in new related
industries.
Investment in
products in
unattractive markets
that have lost
competitiveness is
reduced.
The amount of
investment can be
significant
(depending on
marketing policy).
However, the
company receives
minimal profit and
almost zero net
present value
There are 3 possible
events:
1. Sources of
investment may
appear in the event
of the sale of an old
business or
equipment. Areas of
investment - the
purchase of new
equipment for a new
business.
2. Only the most
profitable lines of
business are
retained, and the rest
are closed. Cash is
released through the
sale of unnecessary
property.
Investments can ––
come from related
businesses if this
threatens to break
the “technological
chain”.
3. The company or
part of it can be
bought for debts
1. The company is
subject to
bankruptcy
proceedings. In this
case, it is liquidated,
or by freezing or
forgiving debts, the
business is restored.
Investments are not
made, because there
are no own sources,
and it is not possible
to attract borrowed
funds.
Cash is released
only at the expense
of funds received
from the industrial
audit (sale of
unnecessary
property).
2. The company can
be bought for debts
Significant amount
of investment when
obtaining sufficient
net present value
Significant
investment when
receiving a small net
present value due to
lower revenues
Table 10.
Indicators and decision-making criteria for investment policy
Investment Analysis Phase
Feature identification
Gathering the information needed to
make a decision
The choice of investment projects Monitoring the implementation of
investment decisions
1. Indicators needed to make a decision
1. For real investments in
enterprises, data on a development
strategy for 3-5 years are needed.
2. For portfolio investments, data
are needed on the prospects for the
development of the financial
market
1. Information about the investment
object:
1.1. Description of owners and
managers of the enterprise.
1.2. Analysis of financial and
economic activities.
1.3. Analysis of investment activity
of the enterprise.
1.4. Analysis of the profitability of
financial investments by type.
2. Information about the external
environment of the business:
2.1. Analysis of macroeconomic
indicators of the investment
climate.
2.2. Analysis of macroeconomic
indicators of investment potential.
2.3. Analysis of the investment
attractiveness of the industry.
2.4. Analysis of the investment
attractiveness of the region.
2.5. Analysis of the investment
attractiveness of financial market
instruments
For each real investment project are
calculated:
- present net value (NPV)
- return on investment index (PI)
- internal rate of return (IRR)
- dynamic payback period (DPP)
- break-even point (BEP)
- business and financial risks
Information on the allocation of
funds for project financing and
control over the size and timeliness
of their use
Investment Analysis Phase
Feature identification
Gathering the information needed to
make a decision
The choice of investment projects Monitoring the implementation of
investment decisions
2. Criteria for making investment decisions
1. Directions of investments should
coincide with the main strategic
goals of the enterprise.
2. The development of the financial
market should be included in the
strategic goals of the government,
the country, and its financial
institutions
1. The development of a country,
industry, financial market should
be in the phase of recovery or
recovery, and enterprises in the
phase of entering the market,
growth, or maturity.
2. The industry and the enterprise
should be investment attractive.
3. The company should not have a
high criminal risk (risk of loss of
property or its redistribution).
1. NPV ≥ 0 — the project can be
invested, if NPV < 0 — the project
is not profitable.
2. PI ≥ 1 — the project can be
invested, PI < 1 — the project is
not profitable.
3. IRR ≥ cost of invested capital
(W) — the project can be invested.
IRR < W — the project is not
profitable.
4. DРР ≤ established by the
enterprise payback limit — the
project can be invested.
5. Business and financial risks
should be covered by IRR
1. A prerequisite for continuing
investment is a review of the value
of investment projects after the
audit.
2. Saving the project is possible if
the cost of income from its future
operation exceeds the cost of
abandoning it
3.3. Public-Private Enterprise Working Capital Management Policy
The working capital management policy of enterprises is to establish the
principles of its formation and use and determine the optimal ratio between
sources of financing to strengthen the profitability and liquidity of enterprises.
Working capital consists of current assets and short-term financial
investments (Figure 3).
Figure 3. The structure of the working capital of enterprises
Working capital is the monetary expression of a portion of current assets
used for current operations during each operating cycle.
For servicing the spheres of the circulation, working capital is divided into
capital acting in cash, productive and commodity forms. In the process of
circulation, capital goes through three stages. At the first stage, cash is advanced
in raw materials, materials, and other objects of labor necessary to produce
goods. Capital is converted from cash into commodity form. In the second stage,
a product is created that includes the consumed and newly created value. At this
stage, capital is transformed from a commodity form through the influence of
labor into productive, and then into a new commodity form.
At the third stage of the circulation, the goods produced during
implementation are converted into money, which includes the cost of the
initially advanced capital and profit in accordance with Figure 4. In this case, the
funds pass from the sphere of circulation to the sphere of production and vice
Working capital
Current assets
Short-term financial
investments
Revolving
production
assets
Circulation funds
Investments in
the financial
market
Loans to other
enterprises
Investments in the
money market
(deposit account,
foreign currency,
etc.)
Investments in
highly liquid
securities
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61
versa, sequentially taking the form of circulation funds and circulating
production assets.
Figure 4. Working capital investment cycle
Depending on the facilities, working capital is a combination of stocks,
cash for current financial transactions, receivables, and short-term financial
investments.
According to the scope of planning, the articles of working capital are
divided into normalized and non-standardized. The norm is the minimum
planned amount of working capital necessary to ensure the continuity of the
production process and sales, formed from its own sources. Normalized are
revolving production assets and finished products. All other components of
working capital are not planned.
Working capital can be classified by groups of characteristics (Figure 5).
Depending on the sources of formation, it is possible to allocate working
capital formed at the expense of own, borrowed and attracted funds.
Sources of reproduction of working capital are divided into the following
groups:
- own funds
- stable liabilities
- short-term bank loans
- budget allocations
- other sources
Own sources include part of the net profit of the enterprise, which goes to
expand production.
Inventories
Finished
products
Receivables
Cash
Withdrawal of surplus funds for other purposes
62
Figure 5. Classification of working capital of enterprises
Sustainable liabilities are funds that do not belong to the enterprise but are
in its circulation (for example, minimum wage arrears, reserve for future
payments, advances from customers).
Short-term loans include loans for up to one year, issued by banks for
replenishment or working capital formation. This requires an economic
justification and the necessary collateral.
By objects
Stocks
Cash for current financial transactions
Planning coverage
Receivables
Commodity Capital
Normalized
Irregular
Cash capital
Short-term financial investments
Circuit
Maintenance
Productive Capital
W
or
ki
ng c
api
ta
l
Instantly marketable
Liquidity level
By sources of
formation
Own
Borrowed
Attracted
Fast-moving
Slowly implemented
Hard to implement
Illiquid
Low risk
Medium risk
Risk-free
Temporary (additional, caused by seasonality and cyclical
fluctuations in sales)
Permanent (independent of seasonality and cyclical
fluctuations in sales)
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