N. S. Safaev, N. A. Mirashirova, N. G. Odilova, Sh. D. Turabekova, Sh. K. Karimova



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(та)
to 
chronological age 
(ca)
multiplied by 
(thus, IQ = 
ma/ca
On contemporary 
intelligence tests, the average performance for 
a given age is assigned a score of. 
intelligence test a method for assessing an 
individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing 
them with those of others, using numerical 
scores.
intensity the amount of energy in a light or 
sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or 
loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude, 
interaction the interplay that occurs when 
the effect of one factor (such as environment) 
depends on another factor (such as heredity), 
internal locus of control the perception 
that you control your own fate, 
interneurons neurons within the brain and 
spinal cord that communicate internally and 
intervene between the sensory inputs and 
motor outputs.
interpretation in psychoanalysis, the 
analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, 
resistances, and other significant behaviors 
and events in order to promote insight, 
intuition an effortless, immediate, automatic 
feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, 
conscious reasoning.
J
James-Lange theory the theory that our 
experience of emotion is our awareness of our 
physiological responses to emotion-arousing 
stimuli.
376


just-world phenomenon the tendency for 
people to believe the world is just and that people 
therefore get what they deserve and deserve 
what they get.
К
kinesthesis [kin-ehs-THEE-sehs] the system 
for sensing the position and movement of individual 
body parts.
L
language our spoken, written, or signed
words and the ways we combine them to communicate
meaning.
latent content according to Freud, the 
underlying meaning of a dream (as (Satinet 
from its manifest content), 
latent learning learning that occurs but is 
not apparent until there is an incentive to 
demonstrate it.
law of effect Thorndike’s principle that 
behaviors followed by favorable consequences 
become more likely.
learned helplessness the hopelessness and 
passive resignation an animal or human learns 
when unable to avoid repeated aversive events, 
learning a relatively permanent change in 
an organism’s behavior due to experience, 
lesion [LEE-zhuhn] tissue destruction. A 
brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally 
caused destruction of brain tissue
levels of analysis the differing complementary 
views, from biological to psychological to 
social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon, 
limbic system neural system (including the 
hippocampus, amygdala,
and 
hypothalamus)
located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated 
with emotions and drives, 
linguistic determinism W horfs hypothesis 
that language determines the way we think.
377


lobotomy a now-rare psychosurgical procedure 
once used to calm uncontrollably emotional 
or violent patients. The procedure cut 
the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the 
emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain, 
longitudinal study research in which the 
same people are restudied and retested over a 
long period of time. A- 
long-term memory the relatively permanent 
and limitless storehouse of the memory system. 
Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences, 
long-term potentiation (LTP) an increase 
in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid 
stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for 
learning and memory.
LSD a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also 
known as acid 

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