N. S. Safaev, N. A. Mirashirova, N. G. Odilova, Sh. D. Turabekova, Sh. K. Karimova



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general intelligence 
(g)
a general 
intelligence
factor that, according to Spearman and 
others, underlies specific mental abilities and is 
therefore measured by every task on an intelligence 
test.
generalization the tendency, once a 
response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar 
to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar 
responses.
generalized anxiety disorder an anxiety 
disorder in which a person is continually tense
apprehensive, and in a state o f autonomic nervous 
system arousal.
genes the biochemical units of heredity that 
make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA 
capable of synthesizing a protein, 
gestalt an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists 
emphasized our tendency to integrate 
pieces of information into meaningful wholes, 
glucose the form of sugar that circulates in 
the blood and provides the major source of 
energy for body tissues. When its level is low, 
we feel hunger.
GRIT Graduated and Reciprocated 
Initiatives in Tension—Reduction—a strategy 
designed to decrease international tensions.
371


group polarization the enhancement of a 
group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion 
within the group.
grouping the perceptual tendency to organize 
stimuli into coherent groups, 
groupthink the mode of thinking that occurs 
when the desire for harmony in a decisionmaking 
group overrides a realistic appraisal of 
alternatives.
H
hallucinations false sensory experiences,
such as seeing something in the absence of an
external visual stimulus.
hallucinogens psychedelic (“mindmanifesting”)
drugs, such as LSD, that distort
perceptions and evoke sensory images in the
absence of sensory input.
heritability the proportion of variation
among individuals that we can attribute to
genes. The heritability of a trait may vary,
depending on the range of populations and
environments studied.
heuristic a simple thinking strategy that
often allows us to make judgments and solve
problems efficiently; usually speedier but also
more error-prone than 
algorithms.
hierarchy of needs Maslow’s pyramid of
human needs, beginning at the base with physiological
needs that must first be satisfied before
higher-level safety needs and then psychological
needs become active.
higher-order conditioning a procedure in
which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning
experience is paired with a new neutral
stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned
stimulus. For example, an animal that
has learned that a tone predicts food might
then learn that a light predicts the tone and
372


begin responding to the light alone. (Also called 
second-order conditioning.')
hindsight bias die tendency to believe, after 
learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen 
it. (Also known as the 
I-knew-it-all-along
phenomenon.)
hippocampus a neural center that is located 
in the limbic system; helps process explicit 
memories for storage.
hom eostasis 
a tendency to maintain a balanced 
or constant internal state; the regulation 
of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood 
glucose, around a particular level, 

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