N. S. Safaev, N. A. Mirashirova, N. G. Odilova, Sh. D. Turabekova, Sh. K. Karimova



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conservation 
the principle (which Piaget 
believed to be a part of concrete operational 
reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, 
and number remain the same despite 
changes in the forms of objects, 
content validity 
the extent to which a test 
samples the behavior that is of interest, 
continuous reinforcement 
reinforcing 
the desired response every time it occurs, 
control group 
in an experiment, the group 
that is 
not
exposed to the treatment; contrasts 
with the experimental group and serves as a 
comparison for evaluating 
the effect o f the
treatment.
conversion disorder a rare somatoform 
disorder in which a person experiences 
very specific genuine physical symptoms 
for which no physiological basis can be found, 
coping alleviating stress using emotional, 
cognitive, or behavioral methods, 
coronary heart disease the clogging of the 
vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading 
cause of death in many developed countries, 
corpus callosum [KOR-pus kah-LOW-sum] 
the large band of neural fibers connecting the 
two brain hemispheres and carrying messages 
between them.
correlation coefficient a statistical measure 
of the extent to which two factors vary 
together, and thus of how well either factor 
predicts the other. Scores with a positive correlation 
coefficient go up and down together 
(as with high school and college GPAs). A 
negative correlation coefficient indicates that 
one score falls as the other rises (as in the 
relationship between self-esteem and depression), 
correlation the extent to which two factors 
vary together, and thus of how well either factor
360


predicts the other. The 
correlation coefficient
is 
the mathematical expression of the relationship, 
ranging from - to + .
counseling psychology a branch of psychology 
that assists people with problems in living 
D
difference threshold the minimum difference 
between two stimuli required for detection 
percent of the time. We experience the difference 
threshold as a 
just noticeable difference
(or 
jnd).
discrimination in classical conditioning, the 
learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned 
stimulus and stimuli that do not signal 
an unconditioned stimulus, 
discrimination unjustifiable negative behavior 
toward a group and its members, 
dissociation a split in consciousness, whieh 
allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur 
simultaneously with others, 
dissociative disorders disorders in which 
conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) 
from previous memories, thoughts, and 
feelings.
dissociative identity disorder (DID) a rare 
dissociative disorder in which a peisoM ttibits 
two or more distinct and alternating personalities. 
Formerly called 
multiple personality disorder.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) a complex 
molecule containing the genetic information 
that makes up the chromosomes, 
double-blind procedure an experimental 
procedure in which both the research participants 
and the research staff are ignorant (blind) 
about whether the research participants have 
received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly 
used in drug-evaluation studies.
Down syndrome a condition of mild to 
severe intellectual disability and associated
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physical disorders caused by an extra copy of 
chromosome.
dream a sequence of images, emotions, and 
thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s 
mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory 
imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, 
and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of 
the content and later difficulties remembering 
it.
drive-reduction theory the idea that a 
physiological need creates an aroused tension 
state (a drive) that motivates an organism to 
satisfy the need.
DSM-IV-TR the American Psychiatric 
Association’s 

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