Мuzaffar Choriyev Мuхаmmаdi G‘opporov

Little va few olmoshlari
1. Little va few olmoshlari olmosh-sifat va olmosh-ot bo‘lib keladi.
2. Little va few oz, kam ma’nosida olmosh-sifat bo‘lib keladi. Little donalab sanalmaydigan otlar oldida, few donalab sanaladigan otlar oldida ishlatiladi:

I have very little time.	Mening juda oz vaqtim bor.
There is very little ink in the ink-pot.	Siyohdonda rang juda oz.
He has few friends.	Uning do‘stlari kam.
There were very few people there.	U yerda juda kam odam bor edi.

3. Bo‘lishli gaplarda littli, few oldida very, rather, too, so, as, how so‘zlari kelmagan bo‘lsa, little, few o‘rnida not much va not many ishlatiladi:

I haven’t got much time (I’ve got little time o‘rnida).	Menda vaqt oz.
There aren’t many French books in our library.(There are few French books in our library o‘rnida).	Kutubxonamizda fransuzcha kitoblar ko‘p emas.

Izoh: Little kichkina ma’nosida sifat bo‘lib va oz ma’nosida ravish ham bo‘lib keladi:

I want the little box, not the big one. Menga kichkina quti kerak, kattasi emas.

You rest too little (ravish). Siz juda kam dam olasizingiz.

4. Olmosh-ot bo‘lib kelganda little ozi, ozginasi, kam ma’nosida, few kam, bir nechta ma’nosida ishlatiladi:

Little has been said about it.	Bu haqda oz gapirildi.
Many people were invited but few came.	Ko‘p odam taklif qilingan edi, Lekin kam keldi.

5. Little va few noaniq artikl bilan ham ishlatilishi mumkin:

Please give me a little water.	Menga ozroq suv bering.
I have a few books on this subject.	Menda bu masalada ozroq kitoblar bor.

A little, a few ozroq (lekin yetarli) ma’nosida, little, few esa oz, kam (yetarli emas) ma’nosida ishlatiladi:

I’ve got little time.	Mening vaqtim oz (kam).
I’ve got a little time.	Menda ozroq vaqt bor.
He has few friends.	Uning do‘stlari kam.
He has a few friends.	Uning ozroq (yetarli) do‘stlari bor.

Izoh: Little, fewdan oldin keladigan noaniq artikl ulardan keyin keladigan otga emas, shu little va few so‘zlariga tegishlidir.

6. Little va fewdan oldin aniq artikl ham ishlatilishi mumkin va o‘sha ozginasi, o‘sha bir nechtasi ma’nosini beradi:

Nearly the whole cargo of wheat has been unloaded to-day. The little that remains will be unloaded to-morrow morning.	Qariyb bug‘doyning hammasini bugun tushirib bo‘lishdi. Ozgina qolgani ertaga ertalab tushiriladi.
He has read the few English books that he has.	U o‘zida bo‘lgan ozgina inglizcha Kitoblarni o‘qib chiqqan.
Gold is one of the few metals which are found in a virgin state.	Oltin sof holda topiladigan oz- Gina metallardan biri.

All olmoshi
1. All olmoshi olmosh-sifat va olmosh-ot bo‘lib keladi.
2. All olmoshi olmosh-sifat bo‘lib kelganda hamma, barcha ma’no-sida donalab sanaladigan ko‘plikdagi ot oldida va donalab sanalmaydigan ot oldida ishlatiladi. Alldan keyin kelgan ot oldida the aniq artikli, egalik yoki ko‘rsatish olmoshi keladi:

All the students have passed the examination	Hamma talabalar imtihondan o‘tdilar.
He spends all his free time in the reading-room.	U hamma bo‘sh vaqtini o‘quv zali- Da o‘tkazadi.

Izoh: Birlikdagi donalab sanaladigan ot oldida all o‘rnida odatda the whole ishlatiladi:

The whole house was destroyed by fire.

Butun uy yong‘indan vayron bo‘ldi.

Morning, day, night kabi vaqtni ko‘rsatuvchi so‘zlar bilan the whole ham, all ham ishlatiladi:

All (the) morning, the whole morning, all (the) day, the whole day.
3. Alldan keyin kelgan ot oldida artikl umumiy qoidalar asosida ishlatilishi ham mumkin, ishlatilmasligi ham mumkin:

I have read all the books you gave me.	Men Siz bergan barcha kitoblarni O‘qib chiqdim.
I have got all the information I want.	Men istagan hamma axborotni oldim.
All plants require water.	Hamma o‘simliklar suv talab qiladi.
All financial documents must be signed by the Chief Accountant.	Barcha moliyaviy hujjatlar bosh bux-galter tomonidan imzolanishi kerak.

4. All hamma ma’nosida olmosh-ot bo‘lib keladi:

All said the same thing.	Hamma shu bitta narsani aytdi.
I know all.	Men hammasini bilaman.

All ko‘pincha we all (bizning) hammamiz, you all (Sizning) ham-mangiz), they all (ularning) hammalari kabi birikmalar bo‘lib kelishi mumkin:

We all know it.	Buni bizning hammamiz bilamiz.
They all went there.	U yerga ularning hammalari bordilar.

Agar gapning kesimi qo‘shma kesim bo‘lsa all yordamchi fe’l yoki modal fe’ldan keyin ishlatiladi:

We have all read this article.	Bu maqolani bizning hammamiz o‘qiganmiz.
You must all go there.	U yerga hammalaringiz borishingiz kerak.

Agar kesim tarkibida bir nechta yordamchi fe’l bo‘lsa, all birinchi yordamchi fe’ldan keyin qo‘yiladi:

We have all been informed about it.

Bu haqda bizning hammamiz xa-bardor qilingan edik

All to be fe’lining shaklidan keyin ishlatiladi:

They are all here	Ularning hammasi shu yerda
We are all glad to see you.	Biz hammamiz Sizni ko‘rishdan xursandmiz.

We all, you all, they all birikmalari ma’no jihatidan all of us, all of you, all of them birikmalariga teng:

We all know it. = All of us know it.

They all went there. = All of them went there.
6. All o‘rnida ko‘pincha hamma (kishi) ma’nosida everybody yoki everyone, hamma narsa ma’nosida everything ishlatiladi.
Everybodydan keyin birlikdagi fe’l, all hamma (kishi ma’nosida)dan keyin ko‘plikdagi fe’l ishlatiladi:

All were of the same opinion on

this question. Hamma bu masalada xuddi

Everybody was of the same opin- shunday fikrda edi.

ion on this question.

Everything va all hamma narsadan keyin fe’l birlikda ishlatiladi:

All is ready

Everything is ready. . Hamma narsa tayyor.
Both olmoshi
1. Both har ikkalasi olmoshi olmosh-sifat va olmosh-ot bo‘lib keladi.

1. 
   Both olmosh-sifat bo‘lib kelganda u aniqlaydigan otdan oldin aniq artikl ishlatilishi ham mumkin, ishlatilmasligi ham mumkin. Otdan oldin egalik yoki ko‘rsatish olmoshi ham ishlatilishi mumkin:
   

Both (the) brothers live in New York.	Har ikkala aka-uka Nyu Yorkda yashaydi.
Both his daughters are married.	Uning har ikkala qizi turmushga chiqqan.
Both these steamers were built in Leningrad.	Bu har ikkala poroxod Lenin - gradda qurilgan.

2. 
   Both olmosh-ot bo‘lib keladi:
   

He gave me two magazines yesterday;	U menga kecha ikkita jurnal berdi;
I have read both.	Men har ikkalasini o‘qib chiqdim.

2. Both bilan yasalgan we both, you both, they both kabi birikmalar ko‘p ishlatiladi:

We both participated in this work.	Bu ishda har ikkalamiz qatnashdik.
They both graduated from the University last year.	Ularning har ikkalasi o‘tgan yili Universitetni tugatishdi.

Yuqoridagi birikmalar bilan qo‘shma kesim kelsa both yordamchi fe’l yoki modal fe’ldan keyin qo‘yiladi:

They have both gone to London.	Ularning har ikkalasi Londonga bordi.
We must both go there.	Biz har ikkalamiz u yerga borishi-miz kerak.

Agar kesim tarkibida bir nechta yordamchi fe’l yoki modal fe’l bo‘lsa, both birinchi yordamchi fe’ldan keyin qo‘yiladi:

We have both informed about it.

Bu haqda har ikkalamizga xabar bergan edilar.

Both to be fe’lining shaklidan keyin qo‘yiladi:

You are both right.	Har ikkalangiz haqsiz.
They were both there.	Ularning har ikkalasi o‘sha yerda edi.

3. We both, you both, they both birikmalari ma’no jihatidan both of us, both of you, both of them birikmalariga tengdir:

We both participated in this work. = Both of us participated in this work.

Bu ishda har ikkalamiz qatnashdik

4. Both gapning egasi bo‘lib kelganda, undan keyin kelgan fe’l ko‘plikda ishlatiladi:

You have given me two examples ; both are correct.

Siz menga ikkita misol keltirdingiz; har ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri.

5. Bo‘lishsiz gaplarda both o‘rnida neither ishlatiladi: