official reserve transactions balance
, which was $21.9 billion in 2007.
When economists refer to a surplus or deficit in the balance of payments, they
actually mean a surplus or deficit in the official reserve transactions balance.
Because the balance of payments must balance, the official reserve transactions
balance, which equals the current account plus the capital account, tells us the net
amount of international reserves that must move between governments (as repre-
sented by their central banks) to finance international transactions. The relation-
ship between the current account, the capital account, and the change in net
government international reserves can thus be expressed as:
Current account
*
capital account
+
net change in government international
reserves
This equation shows us why the current account receives so much attention
from economists and the media. The current account balance tells us whether
Canada (private sector and government combined) is increasing or decreasing
its claims on foreign wealth. A surplus indicates that Canada is increasing its
claims on foreign wealth, and thus is increasing its holdings of foreign assets
(both good things for Canadians), and a deficit indicates that Canada is reducing
its holdings of foreign assets and foreign countries are increasing their claims on
Canada.
5
For example, the rapid growth in the U.S. current account deficit in recent years,
which is nearing US$1 trillion, has raised serious concerns that these large deficits
may have negative consequences for the U.S. economy (see the Global box, Why
the Large U.S. Current Account Deficit Worries Economists).
C H A P T E R 2 0
The International Financial System
523
4
Note that the capital account balance number reported above includes a statistical discrepancy item
that represents errors due to unrecorded transactions involving smuggling and other capital flows
($4.1 billion in 2007). Many experts believe that the statistical discrepancy item, which keeps the bal-
ance of payments in balance, is primarily the result of large hidden capital flows, and this is why it is
included in the capital account balance reported above.
5
The current account balance can also be viewed as showing by how much total saving exceeds pri-
vate sector and government investment in Canada. We can see this by noting that total Canadian sav-
ing equals the increase in total wealth held by the Canadian private sector and government. Total
investment equals the increase in the Canadian capital stock (wealth physically in Canada). The differ-
ence between them is the increase in Canadian claims on foreign wealth.
524
PA R T V I
International Finance and Monetary Policy
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