POTENTIAL FOR INCREASED OUTPUT FLUCTUATIONS
An important criticism of infla-
tion targeting is that a sole focus on inflation may lead to monetary policy that is too
tight when inflation is above target and thus may lead to larger output fluctuations.
Inflation targeting does not, however, require a sole focus on inflation
in fact, expe-
rience has shown that inflation targeters display substantial concern about output
fluctuations. All the inflation targeters have set their inflation targets above zero.
3
For
example, currently New Zealand has the lowest midpoint for an inflation target, 1.5%,
while Canada and Sweden set the midpoint of their inflation target at 2%; the United
Kingdom and Australia currently have their midpoints at 2.5%.
The decision by inflation targeters to choose inflation targets above zero reflects
the concern of monetary policymakers that particularly low inflation can have sub-
stantial negative effects on real economic activity. Deflation (negative inflation in
which the price level actually falls) is especially to be feared because of the possi-
bility that it may promote financial instability and precipitate a severe economic
contraction (Chapter 9). The deflation in Japan in recent years has been an impor-
tant factor in the weakening of the Japanese financial system and economy.
Targeting inflation rates of above zero makes periods of deflation less likely. This
C H A P T E R 1 8
The Conduct of Monetary Policy: Strategy and Tactics
471
3
Consumer price indexes have been found to have an upward bias in the measurement of true inflation,
so it is not surprising that inflation targets would be chosen to exceed zero. However, the actual targets
have been set to exceed the estimates of this measurement bias, indicating that inflation targeters have
decided to have targets for inflation that exceed zero even after measurement bias is accounted for.
472
PA R T V
Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary Policy
is one reason why some economists both within and outside of Japan have been
calling on the Bank of Japan to adopt an inflation target at levels of 2% or higher.
Inflation targeting also does not ignore traditional stabilization goals. Central
bankers in inflation-targeting countries continue to express their concern about
fluctuations in output and employment, and the ability to accommodate short-run
stabilization goals to some degree is built into all inflation-targeting regimes. All
inflation-targeting countries have been willing to minimize output declines by
gradually lowering medium-term inflation targets toward the long-run goal.
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