target growth rate of the money supply of 4%), it expects that the overnight funds
rate will be
i
*
or
. However, as the figure indicates, the fluctuations in the reserves
demand curve between
R
d
+
and
R
d
++
will result in a fluctuation in the overnight funds
rate between
i
+
or
and
i
++
or
. Pursuing an aggregate target implies that interest rates will
fluctuate.
The supply and demand diagram in Figure 18-4 shows the consequences of
an interest-rate target set at
i
*
or
. Again the central bank expects the reserves
demand curve to be at
R
d
*
, but it fluctuates between
R
d
+
and
R
d
++
due to unex-
pected changes in banks desire to hold reserves. If the demand curve rises to
R
d
++
,
the overnight funds rate will begin to rise above
i
*
or
and the central bank will
C H A P T E R 1 8
The Conduct of Monetary Policy: Strategy and Tactics
477
Quantity of
Reserves,
R
NBR*
i
or
Overnight Interest
Rate,
i
or
R
s
i
or
i
or
*
F I G U R E 1 8 - 3
Result of Targeting on Nonborrowed Reserves
Targeting on nonborrowed reserves of
NBR
* will lead to fluctuations in the overnight funds rate
between
i
+
or
and
i
++
or
because of fluctuations in the demand for reserves between
R
d
+
and
R
d
++
.
Quantity of
Reserves,
R
NBR
NBR
NBR*
Overnight Interest
Rate,
i
or
Rs
i
or
*
Overnight Funds
Rate Target,
i
or
*
F I G U R E 1 8 - 4
Result of Targeting on the Overnight Funds Rate
Targeting on the interest rate
i
*
or
will lead to fluctuation on nonborrowed reserves because of
fluctuations in the demand for reserves between
R
d
+
and
R
d
++
.
478
PA R T V
Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary Policy
engage in SPRAs (repos) until it raises the supply of nonborrowed reserves to
NBR
, at which point the equilibrium overnight funds rate is again at
i
*
or
.
Conversely, if the demand curve falls to
R
d
and lowers the overnight funds rate,
the central bank would keep entering into SRAs (reverse repos) until nonbor-
rowed reserves fall to
NBR
and the overnight funds rate is
i
*
or
. The central bank s
adherence to the interest-rate target thus leads to a fluctuating quantity of non-
borrowed reserves and the money supply.
The conclusion from the supply and demand analysis is that interest-rate
and reserve (monetary) aggregate targets are incompatible. A central bank can hit
one or the other, but not both. Because a choice between them has to be made,
we need to examine what criteria should be used to select a policy instrument.
Three criteria apply when choosing a policy instrument: The instrument must be
observable and measurable, it must be controllable by the central bank, and it
must have a predictable effect on goals.
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