256
PA R T I I I
Financial Institutions
$5) notes, thereby giving the government a monopoly over small-denomination
($1 and $2) notes, the Dominion notes.
Although the Dominion Notes Act of 1870 did not set any reserve require-
ments, it required banks to hold at least half of their reserves in Dominion notes,
thereby giving the government a share of the profits from the issuance of money,
which is called
seignorage
. The Dominion notes themselves were fractionally
backed by gold, and in this sense the Dominion Notes Act of 1870 confirmed that
Canada would operate under the
gold standard
, meaning that its currency was
convertible directly into gold.
Canada operated under the gold standard, keeping its currency backed by and
convertible into gold, until World War I. During the years 1870 1935, Dominion
notes increased in importance, but they never accounted for a major fraction of
currency in circulation. They were superseded, together with the banknotes, by
Bank of Canada notes, soon after the creation of the Bank of Canada (Canada s
central bank) in 1935.
The first Bank Act came into effect in 1871. It was to be revised every 10 years, in
light of experience and changing conditions; this sunset clause has effectively
ensured that governments over the years paid periodic attention to banking
reform. The Bank Act set the regulatory environment for Canadian chartered banks
and for the future development of Canadian banking practices.
The Act continued the legislative chartering of banks, with each charter run-
ning for a ten-year period, then to be reviewed and renewed. New banks had to
meet minimum capital requirements: $100 000 paid up before they opened for
business against a total of $500 000. The banks note issue continued to be
restricted to large-denomination (over $5) notes and limited to the amount of their
paid-up capital plus reserves. There were no reserve requirements, but one-third
of a bank s cash reserves were required to be in the form of Dominion notes.
The Act continued the prohibition against mortgage lending and real estate
loans, but it reinforced the commercial nature of banking by allowing banks to
make loans on the security of most kinds of merchandise. Also, for the greater
security of the public, bank shareholders were liable for double the amount of
their subscription. Finally, each bank was required to submit a detailed statement
to the government on a monthly basis, but there was no provision for government
inspection or audit.
A depression followed Confederation and lasted from 1873 to 1879. During the
depression years, the banks were hard hit and thirteen bank failures (four in 1878,
five in 1887, and another four in 1890) wiped out the savings of many notehold-
ers. To prevent future losses from such failures, the early decennial revisions of
the Bank Act, in 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1913 (postponed since 1911), were
intended to provide better protection for the holders of banknotes, but the Act was
not substantially changed.
In particular, in the Bank Act revision of 1891, the capital requirement was
increased to $250 000 paid up, thereby restricting entry into the industry. The pro-
portion of Dominion notes in bank cash reserves was increased to 40%, and the
notes of a failed bank were made a first charge against its assets in the event of
liquidation. Moreover, in the Bank Act revision of 1891, a Bank Circulation
Redemption Fund was created, each bank contributing an amount equal to 5% of
its average note circulation, to insure noteholders against loss.
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