In the years between mid-1890 and the outbreak of World War I, the Canadian
economy experienced a phenomenal economic expansion. While bank entry was
restrained (due to the increase in capital requirements in the Bank Act of 1891),
the Bank Act revision of 1901 simplified the merger and acquisition procedures,
by requiring only approval of Cabinet; previously a special Act of Parliament was
required for all mergers. As a result of these legislative changes, thirteen mergers
took place before the end of 1914, relative to only six in the previous thirty-three-
year period, and the number of banks declined from forty-one in 1890 to twenty-
two in 1914. Over the same period, however, the number of bank branches
increased from 426 to over 3000.
Another important legislative change occurred in the 1913 revision of the Bank
Act. The Act called for a
bank audit
: annual, independent verification of the finan-
cial statements of the banks, with the results distributed to the shareholders and
the Minister of Finance. The objective was to limit adverse selection and moral
hazard problems that had increased over the years and been found to be the cause
of a number of bank failures, particularly the failure of the Farmers Bank in 1910.
An additional noteworthy change was the excess circulation provision that
introduced some flexibility in the management of the money supply. The eco-
nomic expansion in the period after mid-1890 caused banknote issues to reach
the ceiling that the Bank Act of 1871 had fixed at the amount of paid-up capi-
tal plus reserves. The banks did not increase their capital (and thus their note-
issuing capacity), producing a shortage of currency. In order to achieve
expansion in the money supply with the growth of economic activity, the Bank
Act of 1913 allowed for the issuing of banknotes in excess of a bank s paid-up
capital plus reserves.
At the end of July 1914, less than a year after the revision of the Bank Act in 1913,
World War I looked more and more inescapable. Canada s established banking leg-
islation appeared to be inadequate and the immediate problem was to preserve the
stability and liquidity of the financial system. Panic had taken hold, with depositors
converting their money into gold for hoarding, and the banks and the government
being concerned about their ability to convert money into gold on demand, since
their gold reserves were a small fraction of their combined monetary liabilities. In light
of these developments, on August 3, 1914, the government suspended the convert-
ibility of Dominion notes and banknotes into gold, thereby ending the gold standard
that had emerged over 40 years earlier in 1870. The gold standard was re-established
in 1926 and suspended again in 1929, when the Great Depression hit the world.
A major legislative change, following the suspension of the gold standard, was
the Finance Act of 1914. Patterned on the episode of 1907, during which banks
could obtain cash reserves from the Department of Finance to prevent bank runs
(which were triggered by bank failures in the United States), the Finance Act
allowed the Department of Finance to act as a
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