lar to that for the simple loan. Let us consider a discount bond such as a one-year
Canadian treasury bill, which pays off a face value of $1000 in one year s time. If
the current purchase price of this bill is $900, then equating this price to the pre-
i
c
. . .
sent value of the $1000 received in one year, using Equation 1 (page 60), gives
and solving for
i
,
i
*
$1000
+
$900
$900
*
0.111
*
11.1%
$900
i
*
$1000
+
$900
$900
+
$900
i
*
$1000
(1
+
i
)
*
$900
*
$1000
$900
*
$1000
1
+
i
C H A P T E R 4
Understanding Interest Rates
69
Yield to Maturity on a Perpetuity
A P P L I C AT I O N
What is the yield to maturity on a bond that has a price of $2000 and pays $100
annually forever?
Solution
The yield to maturity would be 5%.
where
C
*
yearly payment
*
$100
P
c
*
price of perpetuity (consol)
*
$2000
Thus
To solve using the Texas Instruments BA-35 Solar calculator:
1. Enter 2000 and push the PV key
2. Enter 0 and push the FV key
3. Enter 999 (to approximate an infinite number of payments) and push the N key
4. Enter 100 and push the PMT key
5. Push the CPT and %
i
keys
The answer is 5.
i
c
*
0.05
*
5%
i
c
*
$100
$2000
i
c
*
C
P
c
70
PA R T I I
Financial Markets
More generally, for any one-year discount bond, the yield to maturity can be
written as
(6)
where
F
+
face value of the discount bond
P
+
current price of the discount bond
In other words, the yield to maturity equals the increase in price over the year,
F
P,
divided by the initial price
P
. In normal circumstances, investors earn pos-
itive returns from holding these securities and so they sell at a discount, mean-
ing that the current price of the bond is below the face value. Therefore,
F
P
should be positive, and the yield to maturity should be positive as well.
However, this is not always the case, as recent extraordinary events in Japan
indicate (see the Global box, Negative T-Bill Rates? Japan Shows the Way).
An important feature of this equation is that it indicates that for a discount
bond, the yield to maturity is negatively related to the current bond price. This is
the same conclusion that we reached for a coupon bond. For example, Equation 6
shows that a rise in the bond price from $900 to $950 means that the bond will
have a smaller increase in its price at maturity, and the yield to maturity falls from
11.1% to 5.3%. Similarly, a fall in the yield to maturity means that the price of the
discount bond has risen.
SUMMARY
The concept of present value tells you that a dollar in the future is
not as valuable to you as a dollar today because you can earn interest on this
dollar. Specifically, a dollar received
n
years from now is worth only $1/(1
*
i
)
n
i
+
F
,
P
P
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