affects individuals, businesses, and the government. It is generally regarded as an
important problem to be solved and is often at the top of political and policymaking
Shaded areas represent recessions.
Statistics Canada CANSIM II Series V41552801.
8
PA R T I
Introduction
What explains inflation? One clue to answering this question is found in
Figure 1-4. As we can see, the price level and the money supply generally move
closely together. These data seem to indicate that a continuing increase in the
money supply might be an important factor in causing the continuing increase in
the price level that we call inflation.
Further evidence that inflation may be tied to continuing increases in the money
supply is found in Figure 1-5. For a number of countries, it plots the average
inflation rate
(the rate of change of the price level, usually measured as a percent-
age change per year) from 1995 to 2007 against the average rate of money growth
over the same period. As you can see, there is a positive association between infla-
1
9
6
8
1
9
7
0
1
9
7
2
1
9
7
4
1
9
7
8
1
9
7
6
1
9
8
0
1
9
8
2
1
9
8
4
1
9
8
6
1
9
8
8
1
9
9
0
1
9
9
2
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
8
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
6
In
d
e
x
(2
0
0
2
=
1
0
0
)
Money Supply (M2++ (Gross))
Aggregate Price Level (GDP Deflator)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
F I G U R E 1- 4
Aggregate Price Level and the Money Supply in Canada, 1968 2008
Source:
Statistics Canada CANSIM II Series V1997756 and V41552801.
A
v
erage Money Gro
w
th Rate (
%
)
20
40
60
100
10
30
50
70
8
0
90
20
10
40
30
60
50
70
8
0
A
v
erage Inflation Rate (
%
)
0
United States
Ur
u
g
u
ay
Per
u
Argentina
Brazil
Belar
u
s
Romania
Venez
u
ela
Ec
u
ador
Mexico
Colombia
Chile
R
u
ssia
S
w
itzerland
Canada
United Kingdom
F I G U R E 1- 5
Average Inflation Rate Versus Average Rate of Money Growth
for Selected Countries, 1995 2007
Source:
IMF International Financial Statistics.
tion and the growth rate of the money supply: the countries with the highest infla-
tion rates are also the ones with the highest money growth rates. Belarus, Romania,
Russia, and Venezuela, for example, experienced high inflation during this period,
and their rates of money growth were high. By contrast, Canada and the United States
had low inflation rates over the same period, and their rates of money growth have
been low. Such evidence led Milton Friedman, a Nobel laureate in economics, to
make the famous statement Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenom-
enon.
2
We look at money s role in creating inflation in Chapter 26.
In addition to other factors, money plays an important role in the interest-rate fluc-
tuations that are of such great concern to businesses and consumers. Figure 1-6
shows the changes in the interest rate on long-term Canada bonds and the rate of
money growth. As the money growth rate rose in the late 1970s, the long-term
bond rate rose with it. However, the relationship between money growth and
interest rates has been less clear-cut since 1980. We analyze the relationship
between money and interest rates when we examine the behaviour of interest
rates in Chapter 5.
Because money can affect many economic variables that are important to the
well-being of our economy, politicians and policymakers throughout the world
care about the conduct of
monetary policy
, the management of money and
interest rates. The organization responsible for the conduct of a nation s mone-
tary policy is the
central bank
. Canada s central bank is the
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