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PA R T I I I
Financial Institutions
interest-rate risk; changes in supply conditions, espe-
cially improvements in information technology; and the
desire to avoid costly regulations have been major dri-
ving forces behind financial innovation. Financial inno-
vation has caused banks to suffer declines in cost
advantages in acquiring funds and in income advan-
tages on their assets. The resulting squeeze has hurt
profitability in banks traditional line of business and has
led to a decline in traditional banking.
5. The regulation and structure of the near banks (trust
and mortgage loan companies, and credit unions
and
caisses populaires
) parallel closely the regulation
and structure of the chartered banks. Federally incor-
porated near banks are regulated and supervised by
the OSFI. They must also register in all the provinces
in which they do business and must conform to the
regulations of those provinces.
6. With the rapid growth of world trade since 1960, inter-
national banking has grown dramatically. Canadian
banks engage in international banking activities by
opening branches abroad and owning controlling
interests in foreign banks. Foreign banks operate in
Canada by owning a subsidiary Canadian bank or by
operating branches or agency offices in Canada.
7. Until 1981, foreign banks were not allowed to oper-
ate in Canada. Today, we have 53 foreign bank sub-
sidiaries and branches, operating as Schedule II and
III banks. They have the same powers as the domes-
tic banks but differ in the ownership structure per-
mitted. That is, all Schedule I banks must be widely
held, whereas Schedule II and III banks can be
closely held if small.
8. The 2001 Bank Act Reform introduced a bank holding
company structure, new ownership rules, expanded
access to the payments and clearance system, and
new opportunities for strategic alliances and joint
ventures. These changes are reshaping the financial
services marketplace in Canada by making it easier
to introduce new financial products and services
and increasing the competitive environment in the
industry.
automated teller machine (ATM),
p. 260
Bank Act Reform,
p. 282
bank holding companies,
p. 271
branches,
p. 254
central bank,
p. 254
debt-currency swaps,
p. 280
debt-debt swaps,
p. 280
debt-equity swaps,
p. 280
deposit rate ceiling,
p. 264
disintermediation, p. 264
dual banking system,
p. 254
financial derivatives,
p. 259
four-pillar approach,
p. 272
free banking,
p. 254
futures contracts,
p. 259
gold standard, p. 256
hedge, p. 259
indebtedness, p. 280
large, complex banking organiza-
tions (LCBOs),
p. 273
lender of last resort, p. 257
national banks,
p. 254
Regulation Q,
p. 264
Schedule I banks, p. 268
Schedule II banks,
p. 268
Schedule III banks,
p. 268
seignorage, p. 256
shadow banking system,
p. 258
sovereign loans,
p. 279
state banks, p. 254
sweep account,
p. 264
trustees,
p. 275
virtual bank, p. 261
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