In the 1980s, the Bank Act was amended to allow Canadian and foreign finan-
cial institutions to own up to 100% of securities firms. Moreover, the 1990s revi-
sions to the Bank Act allowed cross-ownership via subsidiaries between financial
institutions. Chartered banks, for example, can either buy independent investment
dealers or expand on their own into capital raising, brokerage, and other securi-
ties activities. As a result, the Big Six now dominate the investment banking indus-
try through their investment brokerage subsidiaries; they hold about a 70% share
in the business.
As a result of these recent legislative changes, Canada s traditional four pillars
of financial services
banking, brokerage, trusts, and insurance
have now con-
verged into a single financial services marketplace. Similar trends are also appear-
ing in the United States as old rules and laws are overturned. With the merger in
1998 of Citicorp (the second-largest bank in the United States) and Travelers Group
(an insurance company that also owned the third-largest securities firm in the coun-
try, Salomon Smith Barney), the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modern-
ization Act of 1999 overturned the Glass-Steagall separation of the banking and
securities industries. This allowed securities firms and insurance companies to pur-
chase banks and banks to underwrite insurance and securities and engage in real
estate activities.
Not surprisingly, the advent of the web and improved computer technology is
another factor driving bank consolidation. Economies of scale have increased
because large upfront investments are required to set up many information tech-
nology platforms for financial institutions. To take advantage of these economies
of scale, banks have needed to get bigger, and this development has led to addi-
tional consolidation. Information technology has also been increasing economies
of scope, the ability to use one resource to provide many different products and
services. For example, details about the quality and creditworthiness of firms not
only inform decisions about whether to make loans to them, but also can be use-
ful in determining at what price their shares should trade. Similarly, once you have
marketed one financial product to an investor, you probably know how to market
another. Business people describe economies of scope by saying that there are
synergies between different lines of business, and information technology is
making these synergies more likely. The result is that consolidation is taking place
not only to make financial institutions bigger, but also to increase the combination
of products and services they can provide. This consolidation has had two conse-
quences. First, different types of financial intermediaries are encroaching on each
other s territory, making them more alike. Second, consolidation has led to the
development of what has been named
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