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PA R T I I I
Financial Institutions
C D I C D E V E LO P M E N T S
The Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC) insures each depositor at mem-
ber institutions up to a loss of $100 000 per account. All federally incorporated finan-
cial institutions and all provincially incorporated trust and mortgage loan companies
are members of the CDIC. Insurance companies, credit unions,
caisses populaires
,
and investment dealers are not eligible for CDIC membership; the Qu bec Deposit
Insurance Board (QDIB) insures provincially incorporated financial institutions in
Qu bec, and the other provinces have deposit insurance corporations that insure the
deposits of credit unions in their jurisdiction, on terms similar to the CDIC s.
The CDIC is allowed to insure only deposits in Canadian currency and payable
in Canada; foreign currency deposits, such as accounts in U.S. dollars, are not
insured. Moreover, not all deposits and investments offered by CDIC member insti-
tutions are insurable. Insurable deposits include savings and chequing accounts,
term deposits with a maturity date of less than five years, money orders and drafts,
certified drafts and cheques, and traveller s cheques. The CDIC does not insure
term deposits with an initial maturity date of more than five years, treasury bills,
bonds and debentures issued by governments and corporations (including the
chartered banks), and investments in stocks, mutual funds, and mortgages.
The primary rationale for deposit insurance is protecting depositors from
bank insolvency and thus ensuring financial stability. Deposit insurance could
also promote competition among financial institutions by removing barriers to
entry for new deposit-taking institutions. In the absence of deposit insurance it
is difficult for new banks to attract deposits. Most depositors, for example, are
not capable of making appropriate risk calculations to assess the risk of a new
bank. Those depositors would tend to place their deposits in banks that are
considered too big to fail, thereby producing significant barriers to entry and
unfair disadvantages for small new entrants. By insuring deposits at all deposit-
taking financial institutions, the CDIC effectively removes barriers to entry for
new deposit takers.
Until recently, CDIC premium revenue was not tied to the risk profile of financial
institutions; the premium rate was the same for all deposit-taking institutions, irre-
spective of their risk profile. For example, in the 1998 1999 fiscal year, the flat-rate
insurance premium was 1/6 of 1%, or 0.1667%, meaning that each deposit-taking
financial institution paid an insurance premium of close to 17 cents per $100. This
was one of the reasons that the Big Six, represented by the Canadian Bankers
Association, vigorously opposed the establishment of the CDIC in 1967; it was argued
that deposit insurance would be a subsidy to small banks paid by the big banks.
Over the years, the Canadian Bankers Association strongly promoted the
reform of the Canadian deposit insurance system. As a result, the CDIC developed
the Differential Premiums By-law, which came into effect for the premium year
beginning May 1, 1999. The bylaw undergoes regular reviews and has been
amended a number of times. The important feature of this legislation is its implicit,
prompt corrective action provisions, which require the CDIC to intervene earlier
and more vigorously when a bank gets into trouble. CDIC member institutions are
now classified into four premium groups based on their risk profile. An institu-
tion s risk profile is determined using a variety of quantitative and qualitative cri-
teria, including capital adequacy, profitability, asset concentration, income
volatility, regulatory ratings, and adherence to CDIC s Standards of Sound Business
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