Ministry of higher and secondary specialized education fergana state university

1. Linguistics as the science of language.
Linguistics is the science of language, the science that studies its social nature and functions, its internal structure; about the patterns of its functioning and the historical development and classification of certain languages.
Linguistics is a multifaceted science, since language is a very complex multifaceted phenomenon. Linguistics as a science is divided into general and particular. Typological linguistics is distinguished within the framework of general linguistics. Its task is to compare unrelated languages.
Private linguistics is the science of individual languages, for example, Russian studies is the science of the Russian language, Ukrainian studies is the science of the Ukrainian language, etc. Private linguistics must be studied in synchrony (the study of the facts of a language relating to the same time) and in diachrony (the study of the facts of a language in their development).
Each science has a sphere of knowledge and a certain number of scientific tasks. Let us designate the range of tasks of linguistics as a science.
1. Study the origin of the language and its essence.
2. Consider the language structure.
3. To study the language as an integral system, all members of which are interconnected and interdependent, and not isolated facts, not a set of words.
4. Consider the development of the language in connection with the development of society (the process of the emergence of both)
5. To study the issue of the emergence and development of writing.
6. Classify languages, that is, combine them according to the principle of their similarity; how closely related languages ​​German and English stand out; Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.
7. Develop study methods. There are methods such as comparative-historical, descriptive, comparative, quantitative (quantitative, based on mathematical statistics).
8. Linguistics strives to be closer to life, hence its applied nature.
9. Studying issues related to language interference, i.e. the influence of knowledge of the native language or one of the studied foreign languages ​​on the knowledge gained in the study of a new foreign language.
10. Consider the relationship of linguistics with other sciences (literary criticism, history, logic, psychology, mathematics).
It is also necessary to highlight the subject of study of this science.Linguistics studies not only existing (previously existing or possible in the future) languages, but also human language in general. Language is not given to the linguist in direct observation; only the facts of speech, or linguistic phenomena, are directly observed, that is, the speech acts of native speakers of a living language together with their results (texts) or language material (a limited number of written texts in a dead language (for example, Latin), which is no longer used as the main communicative facilities).