Ministry of higher and secondary specialized education fergana state university

3. Formation of linguistics as a science.
It is important to consider the history of linguistic doctrines taking into account periodization, which reflects the most important milestones on the way to improving knowledge about the language. On the way of its development, linguistics has passed five stages and is now going through another stage, the sixth:
I. Initial stage(VI century BC - XVIII century). The most important problems of linguistics are formulated, the foundations of linguistic terminology are laid, and the main factual material on the study of various languages ​​of the world is accumulated.
P. stage. The emergence of comparative historical linguistics and the philosophy of language(late 18th - early 19th century). At this stage, the object and subject of the study of linguistics were determined, a special method for analyzing linguistic materials was developed, and linguistics emerged as an independent science.
III. stage. This stage is characterized by the development of comparative historical linguistics,reflected in the activities of the naturalistic, logical-grammatical and psychological trends in linguistics of the 19th century.
IV. Neogrammatism and the sociology of language (late 19th - early 20th century), marked by criticism of the comparative historical method. This stage can be considered a crisis one, which provided the basis for the formation of a structural method in world linguistics.
V. Structuralism (1920-1960s). During this period, all structural schools on different continents made significant progress in the study of language in its synchronic state as a systemic phenomenon.
VI. Modern linguistics (1970s - to the present day). Most linguistic schools of the late XX - early XXI century, criticizing structuralism for a formal approach to language, for ignoring the human factor, for reducing the scope of studying the subject of linguistics, are developing their theories based on the principle of anthropocentrism. The boundaries of linguistic research are expanding due to increased interaction with other sciences (psychology, sociology, philosophy, ethnography, cultural studies, computer science, etc.) [ 8] .
As in other areas of knowledge, during the transition from one stage to another, the dialectical law of negation operated in linguistics. Thus, the interrelation of the stages in the accumulation and development of knowledge was ensured; the subsequent stage of development has always been continuously connected with the previous one, but at the same time it was directly opposite to it. Linguistics developed in a spiral: it returned to old tasks at a new level, based on the needs of society. Scientists began with a description of the language and its logical and philosophical understanding, then made attempts to reveal the secret of the origin of languages ​​and established their family ties. Structuralists of the 20th century again returned to the study of general theoretical problems that scientists of the ancient world were engaged in: they were also looking for the invariant (the most general) in the languages ​​of the world. But what was universal for the linguists of antiquity is in no way equal to the universal in the works of the structuralists. And the point here is not only in the development of the object of study - the language itself, but also in the development of the very science of language. At the present stage of development of linguistics, linguists are studying the same problems that Wilhelm von Humboldt thought about, but cultural linguistics, cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics and other linguistic disciplines of the late XX - early XXI century. enriched with the achievements of structural, psychological, logical and other schools of the past.