Ministry of higher and secondary specialized education fergana state university

4. Communication of linguistics with other sciences.
Language directly takes part in all spheres of human life, therefore, the study of language, the establishment of its place and role in the life of a person and society, in the knowledge of phenomena necessarily leads to broad connections between linguistics and other sciences - humanitarian, natural and medical, physical, mathematical and technical. .
Linguistics is most closely connected with the humanities. The closest and strongest links exist between linguistics and philology, the science of language itself is its integral part. In fact, linguistics as a science emerged from the foundations of philology, which in ancient times was a single undivided science. It included such sciences as literary criticism, textual criticism, poetics, cultural theory and linguistics itself. For the first time, the opposition of philology and linguistics (grammar) occurred in ancient Rome. Philology was engaged in the study of the literary form (style) and content of the text, grammar - the study of spelling and text metrics. Much later, in the middle of the 19th century, scientists established the main object of philology, which in the classical version combines literary criticism and linguistics into philological sciences. The connection between these two sciences can be traced especially noticeably in such disciplines as the history of the literary language, stylistics and philological analysis of a literary text. There is a significant difference between the linguistic and literary approaches to language learning. For linguistics, language is the main and only object of study. First of all, linguistics studies the structure and functioning of the language itself, taking into account its connections with other phenomena of human life (culture, consciousness, literature, thinking, etc.). Literary criticism studies language as an indirect object of observation, a form of existence of a work of art.
The same ancient connections exist between linguistics and philosophy. In ancient Greece, linguistics originated in the depths of philosophy, which followed from the worldview of ancient thinkers who considered nature, man and the cosmos as a whole. The largest ancient Greek philosophers - Aristotle, Plato, Socrates and others - were engaged in the study of theoretical issues of language, in particular, the problem of the relationship between an object and its name. Questions of the philosophy of language receive their further development in the linguistics of the 17th-18th centuries. in the works of the English philosopher F. Bacon (1561-1626), the German scientist W. Leibniz (1646-1716), the French thinker R. Descartes (1596-1650). In the 19th century, thanks to the works on the philosophy of language by the German linguist W. von Humboldt (1767-1835), the beginning of a new linguistic discipline, general linguistics, was born.
Already in the early stages of its emergence, linguistics was closely connected with history, in particular, with the history of the creation of written texts and the historical events described in them. The historical approach to the study of language, starting from the 19th century, remained the leading one in linguistics for a long time. Thanks to the chronicles and other written monuments, we have an idea of ​​historical events, the features of the life of different peoples. The study of the language of written monuments makes it possible to judge the relationship of different languages ​​and, consequently, the common destinies of various peoples, their territorial settlement, migration in space and time. Accounting for external historical factors clarifies the formation of certain languages, the fate of individual words and expressions. For example, numerous borrowings of words took place, as a rule, during the period of active contacts between peoples, reflecting the influence of the people whose language serves as a source of borrowings. For example, in the Petrine era, characterized by extensive economic, trade, cultural ties with Western Europe, the Russian language experienced a significant influence of Western European languages. At the intersection of history and linguistics, one of the most developed and deeply developed disciplines was born - historical linguistics and its branches - comparative historical linguistics, etymology, history of literary languages.
Linguistics also closely interacts with other sciences of the historical cycle - anthropology, archeology, ethnography. Various monuments of material culture (dwellings, utensils, clothing, jewelry, settlements, etc.) discovered during excavations make it possible to identify its bearers. Ethnographers classify and interpret the data of archaeological excavations according to the types of material culture, which is important for linguists to determine the areas of distribution of any language. Thanks to archaeological excavations, many written monuments have been discovered: tablets with texts of Assyrian laws, stone slabs with hieroglyphic and cuneiform signs, birch bark letters of ancient Novgorod, etc. Anthropological data are used in linguistics in the study of the question of the appearance of speech in primitive people. The collaboration of linguistics with the disciplines of the historical cycle gave rise to such areas of linguistics as paleography (Greek palaios - ancient and graphō - I write), which studies the creation of signs of writing and their development, and ethnolinguistics, which explores the language in its relation to the culture of the people.
Let us consider what the connection of linguistics with the medical and natural sciences is based on. The most ancient are the connections of linguistics with physiology. Even the ancient Indians described sounds on a physiological basis. Such sciences as neurophysiology and physiology are engaged in the study of the structure of the speech apparatus, the formation of speech sounds in it, the reflex physiological basis of the language, and the perception of the speech flow by the organs of hearing.
Linguistics has close ties with neurology, the science of the higher nervous activity of a person. At the junction of these two sciences, neurolinguistics was formed, a new linguistic discipline that arose around the second half of the 19th century. One of its founders is called the outstanding Russian-Polish linguist I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay (1845-1929). Neurolinguistics deals with the study of human linguistic behavior not only in its normal state, but also in pathology. The study of all kinds of speech disorders (aphasias) gives a lot to linguists not only for understanding normal speech, but also for studying the structure of the language and its functioning.
The union of linguistics and biology was formed around the middle of the 19th century. under the influence of the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin, a new view of language as a natural, natural phenomenon appears - a naturalistic trend in linguistics. A. Schleicher (1821-1868), a German linguist, is called its founder. In the XX century. as a result of the discovery of the structural similarity between the genetic code and natural language, neurolinguistics expands its boundaries, forming a close alliance with biology.
Sufficiently strong links exist between linguistics and geography. Often, geographical factors serve as a prerequisite for the emergence of linguistic facts: the features of the mountain landscape in the Caucasus or the Pamirs predetermine the existence of a small number of native speakers; wide open territories, as a rule, favor the separation of dialects, and limited ones - their rapprochement; seas and oceans in ancient times were obstacles for broad language contacts, etc. As a result of the contacts of linguistics with geography at the end of the 19th century. a hybrid discipline arose - linguogeography, which studies the territorial distribution of languages ​​and dialects, as well as individual linguistic phenomena.
Communication of linguistics with physical, mathematical and technical sciences. The connection of linguistics with physics, one of its sections - acoustics, is already found among the ancient Greeks, who studied the sounds of speech on an acoustic basis. At this stage in the development of linguistics, the connection with acoustics remains relevant, which led to the emergence and development of a new linguistic discipline - experimental phonetics, which widely uses devices in the study of speech sounds.
At the end of the XX century. a close union of linguistics with theoretical physics is formed, with those sections of it that are busy creating unified theories of the universe. It turned out that obtaining a unified physical consistent theory about the structure of the world is possible only with the help of natural language and only with a clear understanding of the structure of consciousness. This made it necessary to study the structural connections between consciousness, language, man, brain, objects of the macrocosm and the microcosm. Modern neurolinguistics deals with the study of these issues.
In the 50s. 20th century at the intersection of mathematics and linguistics, mathematical linguistics appears, which develops a formal apparatus for describing natural languages. For a comprehensive study of the language, mathematical linguistics uses many mathematical sections - set theory, statistics, mathematical logic, algebra, and probability theory. The use of mathematical methods makes it possible to carry out a quantitative study of various linguistic phenomena, to classify them, to work on compiling frequency dictionaries, to study the formal compatibility of language units, to model the processes of generating and perceiving speech, etc.
Among the mathematical disciplines that have close ties with linguistics is information theory, or computer science, which studies language as one of the means of storing, processing and transmitting information. Informatics in alliance with linguistics ensures the creation and operation of information retrieval systems and automated control systems. Modern linguistics is closely connected with cybernetics - the science of management and the role of information in management processes. Cybernetics tries to understand language as a natural and powerful information self-regulating system that takes part in management processes in almost all areas of human life. The contacts of linguistics with cybernetics led to the formation of engineering linguistics, which deals with the study of language in its relation to computers, to the possibilities of machine text processing, to the possibilities of creating analyzers and synthesizers of the human voice, as well as other problems.
The most ancient and closest connection of sciences is the connection of linguistics and religion. The first linguistic metaphysical ideas appeared in religious teachings. They became the impetus for the development of linguistics among many ancient peoples. Thus, the idea of ​​the divinity of the Word and its omnipotence (and hence the fear of any linguistic variations of the Sacred Texts) led to the development of linguistics in Ancient India and the Ancient East. Questions of language in the history of religions have always been of vital importance. Suffice it to recall the disputes about the interpretation of the Word as a factor in church strife in Christianity in the 4th-5th centuries, the hermeneutical search for eternal meanings in the theology of the Middle Ages, the disputes about the possibility of translating the Bible into national languages ​​in the Renaissance, the unresolved problem of name worship in modern Christianity.
The problem of learning a language has worried scientists and thinkers since ancient times. The issues of the appearance of the language, its development and distribution have been studied for a long time and this process continues to this day. Language directly takes part in all spheres of human life, and therefore the study of language, the establishment of its place and role in the life of man and society, in the knowledge of phenomena necessarily leads to broad connections between linguistics and other sciences - the humanities, natural and medical, physical, mathematical and technical. Language, like any other phenomenon or object of human life, must be studied both in synchronism (the study of the facts of the language relating to the same time), and considered in diachrony (the study of the facts of the language in their development).
Thus, modern linguistics appears to us as a branched multi-aspect linguistics, which has broad connections with almost all areas of modern knowledge.