Walter Scott, a founder of a historical novel – his life and work. His best
The Enlightenment, on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then
progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. But fighting the survivals of
feudalism, the Enlighteners, at the same time, were prone to accept bourgeois
The development of bourgeois relations revealed to the most progressive minds of
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A new literary current came into being at the end of the 18
th
century during the
period of victory and consolidation of capitalist system – Romanticism. It covers
the period from the beginning of the French bourgeois revolution (1789-1793) to
the parliamentary reform in England (1832). Viewed in its historical aspect
Romanticism may be considered to be an expression of reaction against the
Enlightenment and the French Revolution, and expression of opposition and denial
of the capitalist progress.
English romanticism can be regarded as an offspring of two great historical events:
1) the industrial revolution in England and 2) the French bourgeois revolution of
1789. The French Revolution was of great importance not only for France but all
over Europe. Under its influence social contradictions in England developed to a
great extent. The ruling classes were frightened by the revolution. On the other
hand a new class of workers sprang into existence. The working people lived in
dire poverty and were mercilessly exploited by the bourgeoisie, so the first
workers’ rebellions broke out. The workers movement of the Luddites (1810-
1811), otherwise called “frame-breakers” naively believed that use of machines
was the reason at the bottom of all social evils and expressed their protest against
exploitation and misery by breaking machines. But in spite of the fact that the
class contradictions were very great at that time, the main contradiction at the
beginning of the 19
th
century was that the movement of the feudal-monarchic
society and bourgeois-democratic
movement
Romanticism was the reaction of the aristocratic class and the peasants ruined by
the agrarian industrial revolutions. Some of the romantic writers reflected the
ideology of the classes ruined by capitalism. They protested against new social
formation and they found their ideals in the feudal past. These were reactionary or
regressive romanticists. Other authors found their ideals in future society free from
oppression and exploitation, though they had a very vague idea of this society.
These were revolutionary or progressive romanticists.
In contradiction to the rationalistic approach of the enlighteners, the romantic
writers concentrate their attention upon spiritual and emotional life of man. Best
suited for the expression of all the above sentiments was poetry. Therefore, this
genre became predominant in the literature of Romanticism.
The second period in the history of English Romanticism includes the work of two
poets of genius George Byron and Percy Shelley. They represent the trend of
progressive romanticism. The significant social changes in contemporary England
contributed to an increased interest in history. Profound understanding of
historical processes is revealed in the prose-work of Walter Scott – the creator of
modern historical novel and the last romantic writer.