1759 in a small clay-built cottage at Alloway Ayrshire. He was the oldest of the 7
the family went from bad to worse. In spite of working beyond his strength for the
benefit of the family young Burns found time for reading. In 1777 the Burns
removed to Tarbolton. But this did not improve the fortune of the family. For
Robert Burns those years were full of various intellectual activities. He wrote
poetry and organized a society of young people where all kinds of moral, social
27
The young poet felt deeply the injustice of the world where the landlords owned
the best land and the woods. Burns’ protest against inequality found its vent in his
poems which were circulated in manuscripts. They easily won the hearts of
common people appealing to their human dignity and giving them belief in their
own strength.
Burns decided to seek his fortune abroad. To raise the passage money he issued in
July 1786 a printed prospectus of his poems. The enterprise met with success and a
collection of “Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect” made its appearance. The
book contained lyrical, humorous and satirical poems written by Robert Burns in
the earlier years. Burns’ poems were a great success with the public and in April
1787 the book saw a second edition.
In 1786 he was invited to come to Edinburgh. The poet was accepted by the
fashionable society of the capital. But it could not appreciate the poetry of Burns.
He felt a stranger in this world which looked down upon the ploughman poet.
Burns left the capital with a sense of relief and started on a tour about Scotland.
At the end of 1795 Burns contracted a severe illness from which he died. Uneasy
was the mind of the dying poet. A few days before his death, he was threatened
with imprisonment for having a debt of ten pounds. In a letter to the publisher of
his songs Burns asked for a loan of some money promising to send some songs in
lieu of payment. The letter contained the following lines: “Cursed necessity
compels me to implore you for five pounds”.
On the 21
st
of July, 1796 Burns died.
Burns is the most optimistic poet among the poets of the end of the 18
th
century.
Burns poetry is the bone and the flesh of the Scottish common people. The great
poet drew his inspiration from the treasury of the Scotch folklore and his poems in
their turn became the people’s property. Burns’ works are national in their context
and form. They express the thoughts and hopes, aspirations of the Scottish
peasantry.
Burns always stood for liberty and fought against social inequality. He
sympathized with the poor and hated the rich. Burns esteemed people not because
of their richness but because of their labor, mind and dignity.
In his Revolutionary Lyric written in the nineties Burns regards the future
happiness of common men as the result of revolution. This idea was inspired by the
French Revolution which greatly influenced Burns in his poetic work.
About the French Revolution he wrote in the poem “The Tree of Liberty” in 1793.
28
In this work the poet tells about the Tree of Liberty that symbolized Liberty
planted in France and hopes that such a tree will be planted in England too.
Burns widely uses folklore plots, many of his poems are based on folk legends, for
instance “Tam O’Shater”. It describes how Shater after a jolly night, when he was
drinking with his friends, gets on his horse and sets out for home. The road lies
across a dreary place. In the ruined church he is passing he sees witches who are
having a night of merriment and dancing. Being discovered Tam gallops as he
may. He is saved when he reaches a bridge because the witches are afraid of flood.
“John Barleycorn” is a poem full of humor and cheerfulness. In Burns lyrics we
can see wonderful pictures of life of the people, deep feeling of nature and great
cordiality and joy. He has many splendid verses devoted to love (“A Red, Red
Rose”, “A Fond Kiss”). Many of his poems are written in the form of songs. In his
poems Burns glorified a natural mean – a healthy, joyous and clever Scotch
peasant. Himself poor, he sang honest poor contrasting them to cruel squires,
greedy merchants and hypocrites.
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