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English
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Russian
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Uzbek
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1.
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Grammatical morpheme
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do+not
I don’t go
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не
Я не пойду
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-ма
Мен бормайман
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2.
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Lexical units
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3.
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Negative pronouns and adverbs
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4.
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Phraseological units
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5.
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Rhetoric questions
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►Activities for self-improvement
Exercise#1. What languages have these types of thecomposite sentence? Fill the table below. The first is given as an example.
Types of composite sentences
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Languages
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Compound-complex
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English, Uzbek
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Complex
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Compound
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Syndetic
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Asyndetic
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Coordinating conjunction
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Subordinating conjunction
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Exercise#2. Read the statements below and choose whether they are true or false.
1.The sentence is the immediate group of words.
True / False
2. The sentence should always consistof a verb, noun and secondary parts of sentences.
True / False
3. The sentence is divided into four according to the purpose.
True / False
4.Rhetorical questions do not fall into the category of interrogative sentences.
True / False
5.According to the structure, the sentence is divided into simple and composite.
True / False
Exercise#3. Write different kind of conjunctions, which are used to combine sentences.
Test yourself on Typology of syntactic level of English and Native Languages
Which of these is the best definition of syntax?
The study of the rules governing specifically the sounds that form words.
The study of the rules governing sentence formation.
The study of the rules governing word formation.
The study of the rules governing supra-segmental elements of the language?
Which Typology studies the syntactic structure of different languages?
a) Syntactic
b) Lexical and grammatical
c) Phonetic and phonological
d) Semantic and formal
Syntactic typology studies...
a) parts of speech
b) word level
c) phoneme level
d) sentence level and phrase level
Which of these morphemes can the majority of English nouns have added to them?
–ing
–er
–s
un-
In which sentence do the dots replace a noun?
They can ... them
They can ...
He has no ...
They … him
Identify this sentence according to its type: "The old hotel at the end of the street is going to be knocked down at the beginning of next year."
complex
compound
simple
compound-complex
What must every correct sentence have a ...?
transition word
subject and predicate
conjunction and verb
dependent and independent clause
In Russian nouns can show gender (among other features). What feature(s) can nouns in English show?
Case only
Number only
Case and number
Number and person
What is the smallest speech pattern?
Morpheme
Phrase
Phomeme
Semime
What is word order in the language?
The agreement of words in a phrase
The arrangement of words in a phrase, clause, or sentence
Subordination of clauses
Structure of a phrase
Define the sentence
It is the smallest speech pattern
It is smallest meaningful unit
It is the basic unit of syntax
It is an important communicative unit
Subordinator…
joins two similarly constructed and/or syntactically equal words
contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause
is a unit of communication
introduces a dependent clause, joining it to the main clause
What language word-combination has extended type according to the structure?
Russian
English
Arabic
Uzbek
Independent and dependent are types of word combinations of…
English language
French language
Russian language
Uzbek language
What languages are fond of long and colorful phrases?
Russian and Uzbek
Russian and English
English and Uzbek
English and French
TOPICS FOR PRESENTATIONS
1. Different definitions of the term “sentence”.
2. Classification of the sentence due to different criteria.
3. Nominal and verbal sentences.
4. Main characteristics of acompound sentence.
5. Word order typology.
6. Comparison of English /Russian/ Uzbek simple sentences.
7. Comparative analysis of composite sentence in compared languages.
8. Typology of English/ Russian/ Uzbek nominal and verbal sentences.
9. Comparison of English / Russian / Uzbek word order system.
Typology of lexical level of English and Native Languages
Lexical Typology and its branches
Key points for discussion:
Object and aim of lexical typology
Relations of lexical typology with other branches of comparative typology
The notion of lexicon in Linguistics
Sections of lexical typology
Typological categorization within lexical fields and conceptual domains
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The term “typology”, as is well known, has many different uses. What primarily matters for the present volume is typology understood as “the study of linguistic patterns that are found cross-linguistically, in particular, patterns that can be discovered solely by cross-linguistic comparison”. Typology can also refer to thetypological classification of languages into (structural) types on the basis of particular patterns for particular phenomena. Typological research is driven by the persuasion that the variation across attested (and, further, possible) human languages is severely restricted, and aims therefore at unveiling systematicity behind the whole huge complex of linguistic diversity. In pursuing their tasks, typologists raise – and often try to answer – important theoretical questions, such as:
According to what parameters does a specific phenomenon vary across languages, in what patterns do these parameters (co-)occur?
What generalisations can be made about attested vs. possible patterns?
What is universal vs. language particular in a given phenomenon, what phenomena are frequent vs. rare?
How are various linguistic phenomena distributed across the languages of the world?
Which phenomena are genetically stable and which are subject to contactinduced change?
How can the attested distribution of the different patterns across languages be explained?
How can the attested cross-linguistic patterns /generalizations be explained?
The papers in the present volume do in fact focus on linguistic patterns that can be discovered only by cross-linguistic comparison – cross-linguistically recurrent patterns of polysemy, heterosemy and semantic change – and are therefore examples of typological research. The domain of research shared by the papers in the volume is, however, somewhat outside of the main interests of modern typological research, that has so far primarily focused on grammatical and, to a lesser degree, phonetic / phonological phenomena under the labels of “grammatical typology”, “syntactic typology”, “morphological typology”, “morphosyntactic typology” (or, quite often, just “typology”), “phonetic typology” and “phonological typology”. None of those would suit the direction of the volume. We are dealing here with lexical, with semantic phenomena – which is the primary objects of lexical typology. The term “lexical typology” is often used as if there was self-explanatory, but is only rarely explicitly defined. What can be meant by lexical typology is, however, less clear, apart from the evident fact that it involves cross-linguistic research on the lexicon. Many linguists will probably agree with the definition that lexical typology is concerned with the “characteristic ways in which language packages semantic material into words”. Viewed as such, lexical typology can be considered a sub-branch of semantic typology concerned with the lexicon. Other definitions of lexical typology focus on “typologically relevant features in the grammatical structure of the lexicon” or on typologically relevant vs. language-specific patterns of lexicon-grammar interaction.
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