Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic of uzbekistan samarkand state institute of foreign languages

2.2. Novel and drama played a leading role in literature.
At the beginning of the century, novel and drama played a leading role in literature.
Somerset Maugham (1874-1965) was not only an excellent short story writer, but also the author of plays, novels, works of literary criticism. His work is associated with realism and some influence of naturalism and neo-romanticism. Among the dramatic heritage of Maugham, the plays "Invisible" (1920), "Sheppie" (1933) stand out. Among the best novels of the writer are Burden of Human Passions (1915), Moon and Penny (1919), Theater. The first novel is written in the tradition of a realistic work and contains autobiographical moments. As a short story writer, Maugham achieves great popularity for his faithful portrayal of the mores of his contemporary society, original literary form and clarity of language.
An excerpt from Maugham's short story "Rain":
“… When the next morning the doctor came out on deck, the ground was very close. He looked at her hungrily. A narrow strip of silver beach was immediately replaced by steep mountains, up to the peaks covered with lush vegetation. Among the greenery of coconut palms, descending almost to the water itself, were visible grassy huts of impostors and here and there churches were white ... "
If we continue the theme of English short stories, it should be noted that in the 20th century the role of the short story was quite significant. Writers in the novels tried various solutions to those problems that did not lend themselves to resolution in the novel. The "positive start" problem is one such feature. Both realist writers and modernists of all stripes were looking for a "positive beginning" that could be opposed to the obvious social evil. In Edward M. Forster's novella The Siren, the symbolism is almost defiant of precise interpretation. The author confronts two opposing perceptions of the world - the lyrical hero and the boatman.
An excerpt from M. Forster's short story "The Siren":
“… He leaned against the rock, breathing heavily. Through the blue-green reflections that flickered across his face, it was clear that he blushed. Quietly and slowly, he said:
- Silence and loneliness are not eternal. A hundred years will pass, maybe even a thousand, because the sea lives for a long time, and someday the Siren will come out of the sea and sing ... "
There, probably in the distance of a mile, the white boil of the surf was shaggy by the coral reef, and beyond the deep blue the open sea lay. In an uneven arc of coral, the lagoon lay quietly, like a mountain lake - varied blue and shady green and purple. The strip of sand between the palm terrace and the sea ran like a thin bow to no one knows where, and only somewhere in infinity to the left of Ralph, palm trees, water and shore merged into one point; and, almost visible to the eye, the heat swam around ... "
Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965) - Anglo-American modernist poet. Born in the USA, he moved to England in 1915. Here his first poetic works appeared - "Rhapsody for a Windy Night", "Love Song of D. A. Prufrok". In early poetry, he was influenced by neoclassicism and imagism.
Siegfried Sassoon (1886-1967) is a representative of the English "trench poetry", which arose during the First World War. The poet told the harsh truth about the war. He abandoned the pseudo-romantic view of the military theme, democratized the language and style of his poetry.
An excerpt from Z. Sassoon's poem "Suicide in the trenches":
“... In winter, stuck in the mud of trenches,
Without rum, among rats and lice,
He put a bullet in his forehead,
Nobody talked about him.
Oh you running in the crowd
To greet the military order
God forbid you to go to that hell ... "
Gilbert Keith Chesterton (1874-1936) - wrote action-packed novels and short stories. He was also interesting to his contemporaries as a poet. In his poems, satirical fiction prevails. Critics argue that in terms of language and style, his works are close to poetry. The poet introduces modern vernacular; lyricism of his poems coexists with humor and satirical attacks.
An excerpt from Chesterton's poem "Curved English Road":
“... They want to straighten the road, a curve for a long time,
Where, with a beer mug in my hands, I was ready to walk ...
Friends, let's not go crazy at night again,
The game that attracted me from a young age, we will not continue ... "
The novel occupied a significant place in English literature. Herbert George Wells (1866-1946) began its activity in the late 19th century. He thought deeply about the future of humanity. The writer is faithful to the principles of realistic art.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Wells created a series of science fiction novels in which he emphasized the contradictory nature of the development of science and technology (The Time Machine, The Struggle of the Worlds). Wells in the 1920s and 1930s. there is a process of growing fiction novel into everyday life ("Mr. Blatsworthy on Rampole Island" (1928), "Bulpington of Blup" (1933).
Excerpt from the novel by H. Wells "The War of the Worlds":
“… Here we found a noisy, excited crowd of fugitives. Although there was no panic yet, there were many more people willing to cross the river than the boats could accommodate. People approached, suffocating under the heavy burden. One married couple even dragged a small front door from their house, on which their belongings were piled ...
... The Martians that night for some reason protected the heat ray, maybe because they had a limited supply of material for its production ... "
The poetry of the early 20th century is represented by the philosophical lyrics of T. Hardy, the epic poems of A. Noyes, the lyrics and poems of J. Maysfield. The content of romantic and symbolist motives is contained in the poetry of W. Delamard. The First World War gave rise to two directions in poetry: the upbeat-patriotic style (R. Brook) and, on the other hand, the work of poets who expressed all the horrors of war (W. Owen).
An excerpt from Mansfield's "Actress":
“… Eight o'clock in the morning. Miss Ada Moss lies on an iron bed and stares at the ceiling. She lives in Bloomsbury. In her attic, with a window to the courtyard, she smells of soot, powder and chips, which she brought yesterday in a paper bag for dinner ...
The door slammed shut and Miss Moss was left alone. She immediately threw off the covers and, sitting on the bed, furious and trembling, looked at her fat
White legs with huge knots of greenish-blue veins ... "
During the Second World War, J. B. Priestley wrote the novels - "Blackout at Gretley", 1942; "Daylight on Saturday", 1943. Among the poets in the 40s, the work of D. Thomas and E. Situel stood out. E. Eliot (the novel "The Armed People") worked in drama and prose. The author of psychological and social novels D. Carey ("She Herself Surprised", 1941; "Become a Pilgrim", 1942) has moved to the forefront of English literature with her work. Ch. P. Snow receives recognition for the novel "Strangers and Brothers", which reflected the life of the British intelligentsia after the First World War. G. Green, the author of novels on moral and everyday themes (The Quiet American, 1955), is gaining great popularity.
Revival of English literature in the 60s was expressed in the works of "angry young people" - J. Osborne, K. Amis, J. Wayne (K. Amis's novel Lucky Jim, J. Osborne's play Look Back in Anger).
English literature of the second half of the 20th century is characterized by a wide interpenetration, and sometimes a mixture, of ideas, angles of view, and elements of style. The relationship between the individual and society, issues of internal struggle - all this was previously in the literature. The novelty lies in the special approach to these problems, which is due to the nature of social life in England. If you look at the works on the relationship between the individual and society, you can see a deeper study of the psychological reactions that arise when the individual consciousness collides with various aspects of social reality (Green, Thomas).
Aldous Huxley (1894-1963) - the largest English satirist of the 20th century. He came from a family of scientists: his grandfather Thomas Huxley was a famous biologist, his older brother Julian was a prominent poet. In 1915, Huxley graduated from Oxford University. He began his literary career as a journalist and poet. He became widely known in the 20-30s. after the publication of "intellectual novels", where Huxley presented in a broad form discussions, disputes, monologues, clashes of different points of view of the heroes of the works. In this he often resembled Shaw's plays. In his first novel, The Yellow Chrome, the writer showed the emptiness and hypocrisy of society. In the novel "The Fool's Round Dance" Huxley showed the scientific elite of society as participants in an endless buffoonery.
In 1932, Huxley presented his best novel, Brave New World, to the literary world, which is considered a model of dystopia. Dystopia, as opposed to utopia, depicts a society that is created artificially.
An excerpt from the novel Brave New World by O. Huxley: