Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic of uzbekistan samarkand state institute of foreign languages

Thomas More
The 16th century - the heyday of English humanism, which arose here later than in Italy, met with the Reformation. Classical literature and Italian poetry have a great influence on English literature.
The sonnet form flourishes, introduced by Thomas Wyatt and more brilliantly developed by the Earl of Surrey.
John Lili writes the novel "Euphesus", which laid the foundation for euphuism. The best novel in this style is Rosalind by Thomas Lodge.
The shepherd's novel, characteristic of the Renaissance, is becoming widespread in England. One of the most famous novels of this kind, Arcadia, was written by Philip Sydney. The glory of Sydney, which was imitated by dozens of poets for a whole century, was shared by Edmund Spencer, the author of the famous "Fairy Queen", a poem that attracted his contemporaries not by the depth of content, but by the bizarre variegation and brightness of colors, intricate and complex intrigue, the extraordinary fantastic plot, the splendor of the paintings and images. tragedies with ancient plots, but passed through the prism of Shakespeare's time, posing problems of the greatest importance.
The Age of Cromwell and the Restoration
John Milton
Such was the English theater under Elizabeth and her successors, James I and Charles I. After the victory of the bourgeois revolution in 1648, which executed the king, the English theater was again persecuted, and literature acquired a harsh character. Poetry gave way to prose. Fierce political struggle led to the disappearance of literature for entertainment and gave impetus to the development of political literature. Writers and thinkers of the era of Cromwell (who ruled until 1658) and the Restoration - John Milton (1608-1674), Thomas Hobbes (1578-1679), John Locke (1632-1704) - posed the most important problems of democracy, church, education, freedom of the press, religious tolerance, etc. It was this educational movement that had a powerful influence on French philosophers in the next century, from where it spread throughout Europe. Milton, defending the revolution against the monarchy, published Defense of the English People and the famous Areopagitics, a wonderful pamphlet in defense of freedom of the press. In his poem "Paradise Lost" he was a representative of Puritan ideals, told about the beginning of the world, about the struggle between God and Satan, about the expulsion of the first people from Paradise, thus re-creating biblical legends, transforming them according to the ideas of the Renaissance. Another pathetic work of the Puritan movement is The Pilgrim's Journey by John Bunyan (1628-1688).
Locke denied innate ideas and declared the impressions that our senses receive from external objects as the only source of all knowledge. Following Milton, Locke anticipated Rousseau's theory of the social contract and the right of the people to refuse to obey authority if it breaks the law. During the Cromwell era, the theater came to a standstill, classical traditions were maintained only among the persecuted supporters of the royal house. After the Restoration, the theater reopened, funny comedies of mores with not always decent content appeared (Wicherly, Congreve and others), gallant literature was revived, and, finally, French-style classicism arose. Its representative was John Dryden (1631-1700) - a typical unprincipled poet of the dissolute court society of the restoration, an unfortunate imitator of Corneille and Racine, who strictly defended the three unities and, in general, all the classical rules.
Augustine era
Samuel Richardson
After 1688, with the establishment of a constitution, the tone of literature was set by the bourgeoisie, whose influence is clearly felt both in novels and on stage. The new consumer demands his literature, images of family virtues, honest merchants, sensitivity, nature, etc. He is not touched by legends about classical heroes, about the exploits of the aristocratic ancestors of the court society. He needs a satire on loose secular customs. Moral and satirical magazines appear - "Chatterbox", "Spectator", "Guardian" - Style [1671-1729] and Addison [1672-1719], with talented everyday essays denouncing luxury, emptiness, vanity, ignorance and other vices of the then society ... The exemplary classical poetry of Pop [1688-1744], the author of The Experience about Man, is of a didactic, satirical and moral character. England gave impetus not only to the liberation ideas of the French encyclopedists, but also laid the foundation for moralizing sentimental literature, that romance of manners that spread throughout Europe. Samuel Richardson [1689-1761], author of "Pamela", "Clarissa" and "Grandisson" deduces virtuous philistine girls and opposes them to licentious aristocrats, idealizes philistine virtues and forces corrupted representatives of the chewing golden youth to correct themselves.
Jonathan Swift
Anglo-Saxon literature
Usually the beginning of English literature dates back to the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon period.
The first large monuments of Anglo-Saxon literature - Latin monuments - belong to the representatives of the clergy:
• Aldhelm, who lived in the second half of the 7th century, the author of florid prose and poetry
• Bede the Venerable (672-735) - author of the famous "Ecclesiastical History of the Angles"
• Alcuin (died 804) - a learned monk, expert in grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, who moved at the age of 60 to the court of Charlemagne.
Misfortune Honorable in a Medieval Manuscript '
As for the most ancient monuments of the Anglo-Saxon language, large poetic works reach us from the 11th century, except for the monuments of a documentary nature, chronicles, texts of laws. Writers from the Christian clergy revised some pagan poems (Vidsid, Deor's Complaint).
The most remarkable piece of ancient English poetry is the Beowulf poem. It describes events related to the first half of the 6th century, the era of the struggle between the Franks and the Goths.
The "golden age" of Anglo-Saxon literature before the invasion of the Normans was the era of Alfred the Great, the conqueror of the Danes, who had devastated Britain for almost two centuries. Alfred did a lot to restore the destroyed culture, to raise education, he himself was a writer and translator (he translated, among other things, into the Anglo-Saxon language Bede's Church History, written in Latin).
Anglo-Norman literature
In the second half of the 11th century, England is subjected to a new invasion of the Normans. It falls under the rule of the Normans, who for several centuries asserted in England the dominance of the Norman dialect of French and French literature. A long period begins, known in history as the period of Anglo-Norman literature.
During the first century after the Norman invasion, literature in the Anglo-Saxon language almost disappeared. And only a century later, literary monuments of church content and later secular ones, which were translations of French works, appear again in this language. Thanks to this mixture of languages, Latin again gains great importance among educated society.
The period of French domination left an important mark on the further history of English literature, which, according to some researchers, is more connected with the artistic techniques and style of French literature of the Norman period than with the ancient Anglo-Saxon literature, from which it was artificially torn away.
Social Protest Literature
In the middle of the 13th century, poetry of political and social protest appeared, scourging the vices of the nobility and clergy, protesting against taxes, against the abuses of officials and even the king, covering his favorites and dissolving parliament for this purpose. This satirical literature, arising from the environment of the people, finds its completion in the XIV century in Langland's poem "The Vision of Peter the Plowman", which, although written in a moralizing spirit, is not devoid of revolutionary significance.
With the aggravation of the social struggle, literature in the XIV century acquires great public interest.
By the XIV century, a new English language was formed, combining elements of the Anglo-Saxon and French languages. The Normans played an important role in the dissemination of Celtic stories ("The Tale of King Arthur") throughout European poetry. Already around 1300, the English priest Liamon used these legends for his poem "Brutus".
Jeffrey Chaucer
The greatest English writer of the fourteenth century was Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400), the author of the famous Canterbury Tales. Chaucer simultaneously ends the Anglo-Norman era and opens the history of new English literature.