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Archaic words
e. g.
troth (faith) a losel (a worthless, lazy follow)
Stylistic functions of archaic words
re-create the atmosphere of antiquity
lofty poetic coloring
to produce satirical effect
Archaic words
Obsolescent
Obsolete
Archaic proper
The beginning of ageing
process
words completely out of use,
but still recognized by
English speaking community
no longer
recognizable in
modern English
Archaic words are no longer recognizable in modern
English and have either dropped out of the language or
have changed in
their appearance and became
unrecognizable.
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Barbarisms
Foreign words
Foreign words
- words which do not belong to the English
vocabulary. They are not registered by English dictionaries they are
used for certain stylistic purposes.
Stylistic functions of barbarisms,
foreign words
To create local colour
to give the vivid characterization
Barbarisms
- are words which came into the
English vocabulary from
other languages and have
retained their spelling and pronunciation
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Chic-
bon mot –
En passant -
infinitum-
Benzina-
au revoir-
adieu-
en bien-
voila-
c’est ca –
bien entendu–
aller-
mon-sieur-
tres bien-
si signor-
Stylish
a clever witty saying
in passing
infinity
motor boat
good bye, so long
good bye
well
there you are
that’s it
of course
come on
sir
very good
yes, sir
Neologisms
e.g.:
missileer, villagize, moisturize, antinovelist, musicomedy, avigation
Neologisms appear when there is the need to express new ideas
and nations. If a word is fixed in a dictionary, it ceases to be a
neologism
Neologisms
terminological
neologisms
newly
coined
words,
which
designate
new-born concepts
stylistic neologisms
a word coined for
expressive
utterance
nonce words a word
coined to suit one
particular occasion
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Nonce-words
e.g.
I am wived in Texas, and mother-in-lawed, and uncled, and aunted, and
cousined:
Tasks 1. State the nature of the terms in the following passages
and comment on them:
1.
“…don’t you go to him for anything more serious than a appendectomy of
the left ear or a strabismus of the cardiograph”.
No one save Kennecott knew
exactly what this meant, but they laughed…(S. Lewis)
2.
“Good”, Abbey said suddenly. He took up a specimen – it was an aneurism
of the ascending aorta - and began in a friendly manner to question Andrew… “Do
you know anything of the history of aneurism?”
3.
“What a fool Rawdon Crawley has been”, Clump replied, “to go and marry
a governess! There was something about the girl too.”
4.
She was … doing duty of her waitresshood. (T.H.)
5.
Every man in his hours of success, tasted godhood. (M.W.)
6.
You’re goddamndest boy. (I.SH.)
7.
Mrs. Tribute “my deared” everybody, even things inanimate, such as the
pump in the dairy. (W.D.)
8.
“I love you mucher”
Task 2. Pick out linguistic terms and translate extracts into your
mother tongue:
1. In discussing the order of words it is advisable to treat first of simple
sentences and headclauses of compound sentences, before we take the subordinate
clause. The most important questions as to word-order is the relative position of
the subject and the verbal part of the predicate. The
position of the rest of the
sentence often depends upon this. (Cruising)
2. The commonest way of making new words is by what is called derivation.
We are all familiar with this method by which a prefix or suffix is added to an
already existing word, as “coolness” is formed by adding the suffix-ness to “cool”,
or in “distrust” dis – is prefixed to “trust”. Many of these affixes we know to have
been originally separate words.
Our mind differentiates between the original meaning and the newly acquired
one, so that although it is still only one word it has two or possibly more
specialized meanings. If a friend tells us he will send us a wire, we know that wire
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in
this case means a telegram; but we also know that in another context it would
mean the metallic filament. That way is the original sense of it, the other is merely
a transferred meaning, originating in the fact that telegrams
are sent by means of
wires. (Wood)
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