Microsoft Word Kurzweil, Ray The Singularity Is Near doc



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Kurzweil, Ray - Singularity Is Near, The (hardback ed) [v1.3]

San Francisco Chronicle
, January 9, 2004, 
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/01/09/FORGET.TMP&type=science. 
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Dieter C. Lie et al., "Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain: New Strategies for CNS Diseases," 
Annual Review of 
Pharmacology and Toxicology
44 (2004): 399–421. 
72.
H. van Praag, G. Kempermann, and F.H. Gage, "Running Increases Cell Proliferation and Neurogenesis in the 
Adult Mouse Dentate Gyrus," 
Nature Neuroscience
2.3 (March 1999): 266–70. 
73.
Minsky and Papert, 
Perceptrons

74.
Ray Kurzweil, 
The Age of Spiritual Machines
(New York: Viking, 1999), p. 79. 


75.
Basis functions are nonlinear functions that can be combined linearly (by adding together multiple weighted-
basis functions) to approximate any nonlinear function. Pouget and Snyder, "Computational Approaches to 
Sensorimotor Transformations," 
Nature Neuroscience
3.11 Supplement (November 2000): 1192–98. 
76.
T. Poggio, "A Theory of How the Brain Might Work," in 
Proceedings of Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on 
Quantitative Biology
4 (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1990), 899–910. 
Also see T. Poggio and E. Bizzi, "Generalization in Vision and Motor Control," 
Nature
431 (2004): 768–74. 
77.
R. Llinas and J. P. Welsh, "On the Cerebellum and Motor Learning," 
Current Opinion in Neurobiology
3.6 
(December 1993): 958–65; E. Courchesne and G. Allen, "Prediction and Preparation, Fundamental Functions 
of the Cerebellum," 
Learning and Memory
4.1 (May–June 1997): 1-35; J. M. Bower, "Control of Sensory Data 
Acquisition," 
International Review of Neurobiology
41 (1997): 489–513. 
78.
J. Voogd and M. Glickstein, "The Anatomy of the Cerebellum," 
Trends in Neuroscience
21.9 (September 
1998): 370–75; John C. Eccles, Masao Ito, and János Szentágothai, 
The Cerebellum as a Neuronal Machine
(New York: Springer-Verlag, 1967); Masao Ito, 
The Cerebellum and Neural Control
(New York: Raven, 
1984). 
79.
N. Bernstein, 
The Coordination and Regulation of Movements
(New York: Pergamon Press, 1967). 
80.
U. S. Office of Naval Research press release, "Boneless, Brainy, and Ancient," September 26, 2001, 
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2001-11/oonr-bba112601.php; the octopus arm "could very well be 
the basis of next-generation robotic arms for undersea, space, as well as terrestrial applications." 
81.
S. Grossberg and R.W. Paine, "ANeural Model of Cortico-Cerebellar Interactions During Attentive Imitation 
and Predictive Learning of Sequential Handwriting Movements," Neural Networks 13.8-9 (October-November 
2000): 999-1046. 
82.
Voogd and Glickstein, "Anatomy of the Cerebellum"; Eccles, Ito, and Szentágothai, 
Cerebellum as a Neuronal 
Machine
; Ito, 
Cerebellum and Neural Control
; R. Llinas, in 
Handbook of Physiology
, vol. 2, 
The Nervous 
System
, ed. V.B. Brooks (Bethesda, Md.: American Physiological Society, 1981), pp. 831–976. 
83.
J. L. Raymond, S. G. Lisberger, and M. D. Mauk, "The Cerebellum: A Neuronal Learning Machine?" 
Science
272.5265 (May 24, 1996): 1126–31; J. J. Kim and R. F. Thompson, "Cerebellar Circuits and Synaptic 
Mechanisms Involved in Classical Eyeblink Conditioning," 
Trends in Neuroscience
20.4 (April 1997): 177–
81. 
84.
The simulation included 10,000 granule cells, 900 Golgi cells, 500 mossy fiber cells, 20 Purkinje cells, and 6 
nucleus cells. 
85.
J. F. Medina et al., "Timing Mechanisms in the Cerebellum: Testing Predictions of a Large-Scale Computer 
Simulation," 

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