Microsoft Word Kurzweil, Ray The Singularity Is Near doc

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Parietal Neurons," 
Cerebral Cortex
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"Neural Activity in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex During Associative Learning," 
Neuron
21.6 (December 
1998): 1399–1407. 
57.
G. G. Turrigiano et al., "Activity-Dependent Scaling of Quantal Amplitude in Neocortical Neurons," 
Nature
391.6670 (February 26, 1998): 892–96; R. J. O'Brien et al., "Activity-Dependent Modulation of Synaptic 
AMPA Receptor Accumulation," 
Neuron
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From "A New Window to View How Experiences Rewire the Brain," Howard Hughes Medical Institute 
(December 19, 2002), http://www.hhmi.org/news/svoboda2.html. See also J. T. Trachtenberg et al., "Long-
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Nature
420.6917 
(December 2002): 788–94, http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/physio/physi02/Trachtenberg_NATURE.pdf; 
and Karen Zita and Karel Svoboda, "Activity-Dependent Synaptogenesis in the Adult Mammalian Cortex," 
Neuron
35.6 (September 2002): 1015–17, http://svobodalab.cshl.edu/reprints/2414zito02neur.pdf. 
59.
See http://whyfiles.org/184make_memory/4.html. For more information on neuronal spines and memory, see 
J. Grutzendler et al., "Long-Term Dendritic Spine Stability in the Adult Cortex," 
Nature
420.6917 (Dec. 19–
26, 2002): 812–16. 
60.
S. R.Young and E. W. Rubel, "Embryogenesis of Arborization Pattern and Typography of Individual Axons in 
N. Laminaris of the Chicken Brain Stem," 
Journal of Comparative Neurology
254.4 (December 22, 1986): 
425–59. 
61.
Scott Makeig, "Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience Vision Overview," 
http://www.sccn.ucsd.edu/VisionOverview.html. 
62.
D. H. Hubel and T.N. Wiesel, "Binocular Interaction in Striate Cortex of Kittens Reared with Artificial 
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Journal of Neurophysiology
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63.
Jeffrey M. Schwartz and Sharon Begley, 
The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental 
Force
(New York: Regan Books, 2002). See also C. Xerri, M. Merzenich et al., "The Plasticity of Primary 
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The Journal 

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of Neurophysiology
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64.
Paula Tallal et al., "Language Comprehension in Language-Learning Impaired Children Improved with 
Acoustically Modified Speech," 
Science
271 (January 5, 1996): 81–84. Paula Tallal is Board of Governors 
Professor of Neuroscience and codirector of the CMBN (Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience) 
at Rutgers University, and cofounder and director of SCIL (Scientific Learning Corporation); see 
http://www.cmbn.rutgers.edu/faculty/tallal.html. See also Paula Tallal, "Language Learning Impairment: 
Integrating Research and Remediation," 
New Horizons for Learning
4.4 (August–September 1998), 
http://www.new horizons.org/neuro/tallal.htm, A. Pascual-Leone, "The Brain That Plays Music and Is 
Changed by It," 
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
930 (June 2001): 315–29. See also note 63 
above. 
65.
F.A.Wilson, S. P.Scalaidhe, and P. S. Goldman-Rakic, "Dissociation of Object and Spatial Processing 
Domains in Primate Prefrontal Cortex." 
Science
260.5116 (June 25, 1993): 1955–58. 
66.
C. Buechel, J. T.Coull, and K. J. Friston, "The Predictive Valueof Changes in Effective Connectivity for 
Human Learning," 
Science
283.5407 (March 5,1999): 1538–41. 
67.
They produced dramatic images of brain cells forming temporary and permanent connections in response to 
various stimuli, illustrating structural changes between neurons that, many scientists have long believed, take 
place when we store memories. "Pictures Reveal How Nerve Cells Form Connections to Store Short- and 
Long-Term Memories in Brain," University of California, San Diego, November 29, 2001, 
http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/mcceli.htm; M. A. Colicos et al., "Remodeling of Synaptic Action 
Induced by Photoconductive Stimulation," 
Cell
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68.
S. Lowel and W. Singer, "Selection of Intrinsic Horizontal Connections in the Visual Cortex by Correlated 
Neuronal Activity," 
Science
255.5041 (January 10, 1992): 209–12. 
69.
K. Si et al., "A Neuronal Isoform of CPEB Regulates Local Protein Synthesis and Stabilizes Synapse-Specific 
Long-Term Facilitation in Aplysia," 
Cell
115.7 (December 26, 2003): 893–904; K. Si, S. Lindquist, and E. R. 
Kandel, "A Neuronal Isoform of the Aplysia CPEB Has Prion-Like Properties," 
Cell
115.7 (December 26, 
2003): 879–91. These researchers have found that CPEB may help form and preserve long-term memories by 
undergoing shape changes in synapses similar to deformations of prions (protein fragments implicated in mad-
cow disease and other neurologic illnesses). The study suggests that this protein does its good work while in a 
prion state, contradicting a widely held belief that a protein that has prion activity is toxic or at least doesn't 
function properly. This prion mechanism may also have roles in areas such as cancer maintenance and organ 
development, suspects Eric R. Kandel, University Professor of physiology and cell biophysics, psychiatry, 
biochemistry, and molecular biophysics at Columbia University and winner of a 2000 Nobel Prize for 
Medicine. See Whitehead Institute press release, 
http://www.wi.mit.edu/nap/features/nap_feature_memory.html. 
70.
M. C. Anderson et al., "Neural Systems Underlying the Suppression of Unwanted Memories," 
Science
303.5655 (January 9, 2004): 232-35. The findings could encourage the development of new ways for people to 
overcome traumatizing memories. Keay Davidson, "Study Suggests Brain Is Built to Forget: MRIs in Stanford 
Experiments Indicate Active Suppression of Unneeded Memories,"