Microsoft Word Kurzweil, Ray The Singularity Is Near doc

ScienceCentral News
, May 13, 2004, 
http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?language=english&type=article&article_id=21839
2247. 
127.
Louise Knapp, "Booze to Fuel Gadget Batteries," 
Wired News
, April 2, 2003, 
http://www.wired.com/news/gizmos/0,1452,58119,00.html, and St. Louis University press release, 
"Powered by Your Liquor Cabinet, New Biofuel Cell Could Replace Rechargeable Batteries," 
March 24, 2003, http.//www.slu.edu/readstory/newsinfo/2474, reporting on Nick Akers and Shelley 
Minteer, "Towards the Development of a Membrane Electrode Assembly," presented at the 
American Chemical Society national meeting, Anaheim, Calif. (2003). 
128.
"Biofuel Cell Runs on Metabolic Energy to Power Medical Implants," 
Nature Online
, November 
12, 2002, http://www.nature.com/news/2002/021111/full/021111-1.html, reporting on N. Mano, 
F.Mao, and A. Heller, "A Miniature Biofuel Cell Operating in a Physiological Buffer," 
Journal of 
the American Chemical Society
124 (2002): 12962–63. 
129.
"Power from Blood Could Lead to 'Human Batteries,' " 
FairfaxDigital
, August 4, 2003, 
http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/08/03/1059849278131.html?oneclick=true. Read more about 
the microbial fuel cells here: http://www.geobacter.org/research/microbial/. Matsuhiko Nishizawa's 
BioMEMs laboratory diagrams a micro-biofuel cell: 
http://www.biomems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/research_e.html. This short article describes work on an 
implantable, nontoxic power source that now can produce 0.2 watts: 
http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?se_id=l&click_id=31&art_id=qw111596760144B215. 
130.
Mike Martin, "Pace-Setting Nanotubes May Power Micro-Devices," 
NewsFactor
, February 27, 
2003, http://physics.iisc.ernet.in/~asood/Pace-Setting%20Nano 
tubes%20May%20Power%20Micro-Devices.htm. 
131.
"Finally, it is possible to derive a limit to the total planetary active nanorobot mass by considering 
the global energy balance. Total solar insolation received at the Earth's surface is ~1.75 
°
10
17
watts (I
Earth
~ 1370 W/m
2
± 0.4% at normal incidence)," Robert A. Freitas Jr., 
Nanomedicine
, vol. 1, 
Basic Capabilities
, section 6.5.7, "Global Hypsithermal Limit" (Georgetown, Tex.: Landes 
Bioscience, 1999), pp. 175-76, http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI/6.5.7.htm#p1. 
132.
This assumes 10 billion (10
10
) persons, a power density for nanorobots of around 10
7
watts per 
cubic meter, a nanorobot size of one cubic micron, and a power draw of about 10 picowatts (10
-11
watts) per nanorobot. The hypsithermal limit of 10
16
watts implies about 10 kilograms of 
nanorobots per person, or 10
16
nanorobots per person. Robert A. Freitas Jr., 
Nanomedicine
, vol. 1, 

---

Basic Capabilities
, section 6.5.7 "Global Hypsithermal Limit" (Georgetown, Tex.: Landes 
Bioscience, 1999), pp. 175-76, http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI/6.5.7.htm#p4. 
133.
Alternatively, nanotechnology can be designed to be extremely energy efficient in the first place so 
that energy recapture would be unnecessary, and infeasible because there would be relatively little 
heat dissipation to recapture. In a private communication (January 2005), Robert A. Freitas Jr. 
writes: "Drexler (
Nanosystems
: 396) claims that energy dissipation may in theory be as low as E
diss
~ 0.1 MJ/kg 'if one assumes the development of a set of mechanochemical processes capable of 
transforming feedstock molecules into complex product structures using only reliable, nearly 
reversible steps: 0.1 MJ/kg of diamond corresponds roughly to the minimum thermal noise at room 
temperature (e.g., kT ~ 4 zJ/atom at 298 K)." 
134.
Alexis De Vos,