Microsoft Word Kurzweil, Ray The Singularity Is Near doc

Nanosystems
, for 
his proposal. For sample confirmations, see Xiao Yan Chang, Martin Perry, James Peploski, 
Donald L. Thompson, and Lionel M. Raff, "Theoretical Studies of Hydrogen-Abstraction Reactions 
from Diamond and Diamondlike Surfaces," 
Journal of Chemical Physics
99 (September 15, 1993): 
4748–58. See also L. J. Lauhon and W. Ho, "Inducing and Observing the Abstraction of a Single 
Hydrogen Atom in Bimolecular Reaction with a Scanning Tunneling Microscope," 
Journal of 
Physical Chemistry
105 (2000): 3987–92; G. Allis and K. Eric Drexler, "Design and Analysis of a 
Molecular Tool for Carbon Transfer in Mechanosynthesis," 
Journal of Computational and 
Theoretical Nanoscience
2.1 (March–April 2005, in press). 

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94.
Lea Winerman, "How to Grab an Atom," 
Physical Review Focus
, May 2, 2003, 
http://focus.aps.org/story/v11/st19, reporting on Noriaki Oyabu, "Mechanical Vertical 
Manipulation of Selected Single Atoms by Soft Nanoindentation Using a Near Contact Atomic 
Force Microscope," 
Physical Review Letters
90.17 (May 2, 2003): 176102. 
95.
Robert A. Freitas Jr., "Technical Bibliography for Research on Positional Mechanosynthesis," 
Foresight Institute Web site, December 16, 2003, http://foresight.org/stage2/mechsynthbib.html. 
96.
See equation and explanation on p. 3 of Ralph C. Merkle, "That's Impossible! How Good Scientists 
Reach Bad Conclusions," http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/impossible.html. 
97.
"Thus 
Δ
X
c
is just ~5% of the typical atomic electron cloud diameter of ~0.3 nm, imposing only a 
modest additional constraint on the fabrication and stability of nanomechanical structures. (Even in 
most liquids at their boiling points, each molecule is free to move only ~0.07 nm from its average 
position.)" Robert A. Freitas Jr., 
Nanomedicine
, vol. 1, 
Basic Capabilities
, section 2.1, "Is 
Molecular Manufacturing Possible?" (Georgetown, Tex.: Landes Bioscience, 1999), p. 39, 
http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI/2.1.htm#p9. 
98.
Robert A. Freitas Jr., 
Nanomedicine
, vol. 1, 
Basic Capabilities
, section 6.3.4.5, "Chemoelectric 
Cells" (Georgetown, Tex.: Landes Bioscience, 1999), pp. 152–54, 
http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI/6.3.4.5.htm. 
99.
Montemagno and Bachand, "Constructing Nanomechanical Devices Powered by Biomolecular 
Motors." 
100.
Open letter from Foresight chairman K. Eric Drexler to Nobel laureate Richard Smalley, 
http://www.foresight.org/NanoRev/Letter.html, and reprinted here: 
http://www.KurzweilAI.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0560.html. The full story can be 
found at Ray Kurzweil, "The Drexler-Smalley Debate on Molecular Assembly," 
http://www.KurzweilAI.net/meme/frame.htrnl?main=/articles/art0604.html. 
101.
K. Eric Drexler and Richard E. Smalley, "Nanotechnology: Drexler and Smalley Make the Case for 
and Against 'Molecular Assemblers,' " 
Chemical & Engineering News
81.48 (Dec. 1,2003): 37–42, 
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.html. 
102.
A. Zaks and A. M. Klibanov, "Enzymatic Catalysis in Organic Media at 100 Degrees C," 
Science
224.4654 (June 15, 1984): 1249–51. 
103.
Patrick Bailey, "Unraveling the Big Debate About Small Machines," 
BetterHumans
, August 16,. 
2004, http://www.betterhumans.com/Features/Reports/report.aspx?articleID=2004-08-16-1. 
104.
Charles B. Musgrave et al., "Theoretical Studies of a Hydrogen Abstraction Tool for 
Nanotechnology,"