Маъсул муҳаррир: Филология фанлари доктори, профессор: Г. Х. Боқиева Тақризчилар

1) vocalic stems (a-, o-, i-, u—stems ) which represented strong declension;
2) n-stems which belonged to the weak declension;
3) s- and –r stems;
4) root-stems.
Declension of nouns
Strong declension (Vocalic stems)

a-stems
singular
M	Short-stemmed N	Long-stemmed N	Ja-stems M	Wa-stems N
Nom. fisc Gen.fisces Dat. Fisce Acc.fisc	scip scipes scipe scip	dëor dëores dëore dëor	ende endes ende ende	cnëo(w) cnëowes cnëowe cnëo(w)
Plural
No.fisces Gen. fisca Dat.fiscum Acc. fiscas	scipu scipa scipum scipu	dëor dëora dëorum dëor	endas enda endum endas	cnëo(w) cnëowa cnëowum cnëo(w)

Singular
Ö-stems short-stemmed long-stemmed F	i-stems short-stemmed M	u-stems short-stemmed long stemmed M
Nom. talu wund Gen.tale wunde Gat. tale wunde Acc.tale wunde	mete metes mete mete	sunufeld suna felda sunafelda sunufelda
Plural
Nom. tala wunda,-e Gen.tala(-ena) wunda(-ena) Dat. talum wundum Acc.tala,-e wunda,-e	mete,-as meta metum mete, -as	sunafelda sunafelda sunum feldum sunafelda

Consonantal stems

		Singular
	n-stems (weak declension) M N F		Root-stems M F
Nom.	nam aëare tunʒe naman ëaran tunʒan naman ëaran tunʒan naman ëaran tunʒan		föt müs fötes mÿs, müse fët mÿs fötmüs
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
		Plural
Nom.	Nama ëare tunʒe Namena ëaran tunʒan namum ëaran tunʒan naman ëaran tunʒan		fët mÿs föta müs fötummüsum fët mÿs
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.

The reduction of declension which began in OE continued in the ME period more intensively and affected the morphological system of the noun though not equally in different dialects. Most quickly it developed in the Northern dialect, followed by the Midland dialect, while in Southern dialects this process developed at a much lower rate. The effects of the reduction were as follows: the difference of grammatical gender was lost in Northern and Midland dialects, though gender distinctions remained to a certain extent in force in Southern dialects.
The distinction of strong and weak declension was also lost, only 2 endings proved stable – es of the genitive singular masculine and neuter a-stems, and the ending –as of the Nom., and Acc. Plural masculine a-stems. The Gen. plural also took the ending –es and it spread to all substantives.

Nom.	nāme	nāmas
Gen.	nāmes	nāmes
Dat.	nāme	nāmes
Acc.	nāme	nāmas

Only a few substantives which had mutation in the Nom and Acc. plural: men, fēt, gēs, and a few which had an unchanged form in the Nom. and Acc. plural, such as shēp, dēr, were not affected by the reduction.
While in OE the category of number is interwoven with the category of case, in MdE the expression of number is separated from that of case.
The process of eliminating survival plural forms went on in the 15th and 16th centuries. In some nouns the alteration of the voiceless and voiced fricative was eliminated, but in some was preserved: death- deaths, but wife – wives; with a few words two variants are possible: scarf-scarfs/scarves, etc.
A few substantives preserved their plural forms due to the weak declension or mutation: ox-oxen, child- children, brother-brothers/ brethren. Another type of plural was preserved in such words as sheep, trout, fish, etc.
The two-case system was preserved in MdE. The sphere of the Genitive Case was restricted to nouns denoting living beings and also some time notions: year, month, week, day. With words denoting inanimate objects or abstract ideas the Genitive was normally replaced by the phrase of plus substantive. In the Genitive singular the apostrophe was first used in 1680 and meant to denote the omission of the letter – e. In the Genitive plural it was used about 1780 already as a conventional sign.


The Adjective
OE adjective:
OE adjective had 3 categories: the category of number, gender and case. Like nouns, they could be declined according to the weak (n- stem) and strong declension (vocalic stem). Weak declension forms were used when the adjective was preceded by a demonstrative pronoun or the definite article; they are associated with the meaning of definiteness. In all other contexts forms of the strong declension are used. But strong declension of adjectives does not completely coincide with strong declension of nouns: forms of several cases correspond to declension of pronouns, so that strong declension of adjectives as a whole is a combination of substantival and pronominal forms.
Like adjectives in other languages, most OE adjectives distinguished between three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative. For the comparativedegree the suffix – ra (in Gothic –z), for the superlative –est/ost. Sometimes suffixation was accompanied by an interchange of the root vowel. E.g. soft – softra –softost; ʒlæd-ʒlædra – ʒlædost. Some adjectives had suppletive forms: ʒōd, bettra-be(e)st. The comparatives are declined as strong adjectives, the superlatives mostly follow weak declension.
ME adjective:
The disappearance of grammatical gender in nouns and the reduction of case endings led to a considerable change in adjective declension, too. The only case ending in adjectives came to be – e, and the OE adjectival paradigm was reduced to the following: strong declension – ʒōd, weak declension – ʒōde; plural – ʒōde, ʒōde. In Northern dialects declension was completely lost, and the adjectives became invariable. In other dialects – e became invariable: newe, trewe. Degrees of comparison were formed by means of the suffixes – (e)r, -est: grēt-grētter-grēttest, glad-gladder-gladdest. Several adjectives kept a mutated vowel in the comparative and superlative: old – elder –eldest; long- lenger – lengest; several adjectives preserved suppletive forms of comparison: gōd –bettre – best; litel- lasse –lest. In Chaucer’s works we can find such new formations of degrees of comparison as ‘more profitable, and ‘more faithful which are considered analytical degrees of comparison.
MnE adjective:
In Modern English the ending – e, which signaled the plural and the weak declension, was dropped. Thus MnE adjectives no longer agreed with their substantives in number. Other changes: 1) suffixes of degrees are used for monosyllabic and some disyllabic adjectives, while the phrases like ‘more profitable’ were used for the other disyllabic and polysyllabic adjectives. 2) in the 15th and 16th centuries mutation inthe comparative and superlative of some adjectives was eliminated: long – longer- longest. The only remnant of mutation is seen in elder-eldest, which have been specialized in meaning (but today is a strong tendency, perhaps influenced by US English, to use the common forms to denote family relations). A few adjectives came down to us with suppletive degrees of comparison. As for the analytical forms like ‘more profitable’ Ilyish thinks that they are not, because in Shakespeare’s works we come across the use of more + comparative in – er: more better, more braver. So they are simply word combinations, perhaps used for emphasis.
OE

Singular