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OPPORTUNITIES TO USE FOREIGN EXPERIENCE AGAINST MONOPOLIES IN 
UZBEKISTAN
. 
Shomirzaev A.A.
The Faculty of Economy and Tourism, 1st course master
Annotation:
 The article highlights foreign experience in the fight against monopoly and anti-
monopolistic policy of foreign countries such as the USA and Germany and opportunities to use the 
experience in Uzbekistan. 
Key words:
Antitrust law, Sherman Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, cartels, mergers, 
acquisitions, American Economic Association, deconcentration policy.
The United States antitrust law 
In the United States, antitrust law is a collection of federal and state government laws that 
regulate the conduct and organization of business corporations and are generally intended to 
promote competition. The main statutes are the Sherman Act of 1890, the Clayton Act of 1914 and 
the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914. These Acts serve three major functions. First, Section 1 
of the Sherman Act prohibits price-fixing and the operation of cartels, and prohibits other collusive 
practices that unreasonably restrain trade. Second, Section 7 of the Clayton Act restricts the mergers 
and acquisitions of organizations that may substantially lessen competition or tend to create a 
monopoly. Third, Section 2 of the Sherman Act prohibits monopolization. Federal antitrust laws 
provide for both civil and criminal enforcement of antitrust laws. The Federal Trade Commission, 
the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice, and private parties who are sufficiently 
affected may all bring civil actions in the courts to enforce the antitrust laws. However, criminal 
antitrust enforcement is done only by the Justice Department. U.S. states also have antitrust statutes 
that govern commerce occurring solely within their state borders. The scope of antitrust laws, and 
the degree to which they should interfere in an enterprise's freedom to conduct business, or to 
protect smaller businesses, communities and consumers, are strongly debated. Some economists 
argue that antitrust laws, in effect, impede competition, and discourage businesses from activities 
that would be beneficial to society. One view suggests that antitrust laws should focus solely on the 
benefits to consumers and overall efficiency, while a broad range of legal and economic theory sees 
the role of antitrust laws as also controlling economic power in the public interest. A survey of 568 
members of the American Economic Association (AEA) in 2011 found a near-universal consensus, 
in that 87 percent of respondents broadly agreed with the statement "Antitrust laws should be 
enforced vigorously.
Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with 
any other persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or 
with foreign nations, will be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be 
punished by fine not exceeding $100,000,000 if a corporation, or, if any other person, $100,000, or 
by imprisonment not exceeding 10 years, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.
Sherman Act 1890 §2
Anti-monopolistic Policy of Germany after World War II. 
Germany developed its enterprises, industries, and economy by establishing its own systems 
of industrial concentration while deploying and adapting technology and management methods 
from the USA after World War. Industrial concentration, which were based on prewar industry-
bank relationships, included new developments in the industrial system that coordinated interests 
and shared information between industry and banks and between corporations. Monopolies that had 
been dissolved by the postwar occupations policy reconcentrated.
Expansion of monopoly deconcentration policy 
First, examining monopoly deconcentration policy, it is important to note the US belief that 
excessive German economic and political power should be curtailed through monopoly dissolution 
and decartelization. The basic policy was to turn Germany into an oligopolistic market founded on 
the principle of competition, very similar to that in US. Separating the coal industry from the iron 

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and steel industries through dissolution deeply impacted these groups. In heavy industries, the eight 
large corporate groups were eventually divided into 23 steel companies. However, West Germany 
strongly opposed the complete separation of the coal industry from the iron and steel industries, 
which was envisioned by the occupation forces, and the parallel management of both iron and steel 
and coal companies was approved with an upper limit of 75% of coke consumption. Major changes 
in capital relationships also occurred. The banking industry was split into 30 small-scale regional 
banks, with specific bank operations limited to a specific state regions.
The Restrictive Trade Practices Act was finally passed in 1957 as an anti-monopoly 
regulatory law. The Restrictive Trade Practices Act aimed to destroy cartels originally recognized 
under the Cartel Ordinance of 1923, based not on the principles of “abuse regulations,” but rather 
on those of “prohibition”. The Germans exhibited a strong initiative with anti-monopoly 
regulations, but created a political compromise in the conflicting approach to cartels, that is, 
“prohibition” vs. “abuse regulation” approaches. The Act even considered control through 
conditions wherein the formation of large corporate units within specific economic sectors was 
beneficial. Evidently, Germany diverged from the US model in anti-trust laws between the 1950s 
and 1960s.
Overall, in order to utilize foreign experience in the fight against monopoly, information
related to anti-monopolistic policy of foreign countries should be revised. For instance, according to 
the US antitrust laws, “antitrust laws should focus solely on the benefits to consumers and overall 
efficiency”. Moreover, a survey of 568 members of the American Economic Association (AEA) in 
2011 demonstrated that 87 percent of respondents broadly agreed with the statement “Antitrust laws 
should be enforced vigorously”. Furthermore, Germany after World War II introduced new 
technology and management methods from the USA to its economy in order to develop its 
enterprises, industries, and economy. Also, Germany expanded monopoly deconcentration policy in 
order to promote competition among German companies.
Literature: 
1.Alden F. Abbott. A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF AMERICAN ANTITRUST LAW. Visiting 
Fellow, All Souls College, Trinity Term 2005. 
2.Toshio Yamazaki. Anti-monopoly Policy and New System of Large Corporate Groups in 
Germany after World War II. Business and economics journal.
3.Germany - The Role of Competition Policy in Regulatory Reform. OECD. 2003