The Lucifer Effect
experience has helped him: "Well, I've gotten to see a lot of people's different reac-
tions to different situations, how they handled themselves with respect to other
people, such as speaking with various cellmates, their reactions to the same situa-
tions. The three different shifts of guards, I've noticed the individual guards have
small differences in the same situations."
1037 then curiously brings up his "weaknesses," namely his part as agitator
in Monday's prisoner rebellion. He has become entirely submissive, blaming him-
self for defying the guards and never once criticizing them for their abusive be-
havior and nonstop hassling. (Before my eyes is a perfect example of mind control
in action. The process exactly resembles American POWs in the Korean War con-
fessing publicly to using germ warfare and other wrongdoings to their Chinese
Communist captors.)
Unexpectedly, Prescott interrupts this discussion of the prisoner's weak-
nesses to ask assertively, "Do you use drugs?"
When 1037 replies "No." he is allowed to continue apologizing until inter-
rupted again. Prescott notices a black-and-blue bruise on the inmate's arm and
asks how he got that big bruise. Although it came from one or more of the scuffles
between him and the guards, prisoner 1037 denies the guard's part in restraining
him or dragging him into solitary, saying that the guards had been as gentle as
they could. By continually disobeying their orders, he says, he brought the bruise
on himself.
Carlo likes that mea culpa. "Keep up the good work, huh?"
1037 says that he would consider parole even if it meant forfeiting his salary.
(That seems rather extreme, given how much he has been through to have noth-
ing to show for it.) Throughout he answers the Board's questions competently,
but his depression hovers over him, as Prescott notes in his comments after the
hearing. His state of mind is something his mother detected immediately during
her visit with him and in her complaints to me when she came to the Superinten-
dent's Office. It is as though he were trying to hang on as long as possible in order
to prove his manliness—perhaps to his dad? He provides some interesting an-
swers to questions about what he has gained from his experience in the prison,
but most of them sound like superficial lines made up simply for the benefit of the
Board.
The Good-Looking Kid Gets Trashed
Last in line is the handsome young prisoner Hubbie-7258, whose appeal Curt
reads with a bit of scorn:
My first reason for parole is that my woman is going away on vacation
very soon and I would like to see her a little bit more before she goes, see-
ing that when she gets back is just about the same time I leave for college.
If I get back only after the full two weeks here, I will only see her for a total
The Power to Parole
139
time of one-half hour. Here we can't say good-bye and talk, with the cor-
rectional officer and the chaperone, the way we'd like to. Another reason
is that I think that you have seen me and I know that I won't change. By
change I mean breaking any of the rules set down for us, the prisoners,
thus putting me out on parole would save my time and your expenditures.
It is true that I did attempt an escape with former cellmate 8612, but ever
since then, as I sat in my empty cell with no clothes on I knew that I
shouldn't go against our correctional officers, so ever since then I have al-
most exactly followed all the rules. Also, you will note that I have the best
cell in this prison.
Again, Guard Arnett's recommendations are at odds with the prisoner's
statement: "7258 is a rebellious wise guy," is Guard Arnett's overall appraisal,
which he follows up with this cynical condemnation: "He should stay here for the
duration or until he rots, whichever comes later."
Guard Markus is more sanguine: "I like 7258 and he is an all-right prisoner,
but I don't feel he is any more entitled to parole than any of the other prisoners,
and I am confident that the prisoner experience will have a healthy effect on his
rather unruly natural character."
"I also like 7258, almost as much as 8612 [David, our spy], but I don't think
he should get parole. I won't go as far as Arnett does, but parole shouldn't be
given," writes John Landry.
As soon as the prisoner is unbagged, he beams his usual big toothy smile,
which irritates Carlo enough to spur his jumping all over him.
"As a matter of fact, this whole thing's funny to you. You're a 'rebellious wise
guy,' as the guard's report accurately describes you. Are you the kind of person
who doesn't care anything about your life?"
As soon as he starts to answer, Prescott changes course to ask about his edu-
cation. "I plan to start college in the fall at Oregon State U." Prescott turns to other
Board members. "Here's what I say. You know what, education is a waste on some
people. Some people shouldn't be compelled to go to college. They'd probably be
happier as a mechanic or a drugstore salesman," waving his hand disdainfully at
the prisoner. "Okay, let's move on. What did you do to get in here?"
"Nothing, sir, but to sign up for an experiment."
This reality check might otherwise threaten to unravel the proceedings, but
not with skipper Prescott at the helm:
"So wise guy, you think this is just an experiment?" He takes back the steering
wheel, pretending to examine the prisoner's dossier. Prescott notes matter-of-
factly, "You were involved in a burglary."
Prescott turns to ask Curt Banks whether it was first- or second-degree bur-
glary; Curt nods "first."
"First, huh, just as I thought." It is time to teach this Young Turk some of
140 The Lucifer Effect
life's lessons, starting with reminding him of what happens to prisoners who are
caught in an escape attempt. You're eighteen years old, and look what you've
done with your life! You sit here in front of us and tell us that you'd even be will-
ing to forfeit compensation to get out of prison. Everywhere I look in this report I
see the same thing: 'wise guy,' 'smart aleck,' 'opposed to any sort of authority'!
Where did you go wrong?"
After asking what his parents do, his religious background, and whether he
goes to church regularly, Prescott is angered by the prisoner's statement that his
religion is "nondenominational." He retorts, "You haven't even decided about
something as important as that either."
The angered Prescott gets up and storms out of the room for a few minutes,
as the other Board members ask some standard questions about how he plans to
behave in the next week if his parole request is not granted.
Forfeiting Pay for Freedom
This break in the highly tense action gives me time to realize the importance of
Prisoner 1037's assertion of willing to forfeit his pay for parole. We need to for-
malize that as a critical final question to be put to each of the prisoners. I tell Carlo
to ask them, "Would you be willing to forfeit all the money you have earned as a
prisoner if we were to parole you?"
At first, Carlo poses a more extreme form of the question: "How much would
you be willing to pay us to get out of here?" Confused, Prisoner 7258 says he
won't pay money to be released. Carlo reframes the question, asking whether the
prisoner would forfeit the money he's made so far.
"Yes, indeed, sir, I would do that."
Prisoner 7258 doesn't come across as particularly bright or self-aware. He
also doesn't seem to take his entire situation as seriously as some of the other pris-
oners do. He is the youngest, barely eighteen, and is quite immature in his atti-
tudes and responses. Nevertheless, his detachment and sense of humor will serve
him well in coping with most of what is in store for him and his peers in the week
ahead.
Next, we have each of the prisoners return to the parole chamber to answer
that same final question about forfeiting their pay in exchange for parole. Pris-
oner 1037, the rebellious birthday boy, says yes to forfeiting his money if paroled.
The cooperative Prisoner 4325 answers in the affirmative as well. Only Prisoner
3401, the defiant Asian American, would not want parole if it involved forfeiting
his money, since he really needs it.
In other words, three of these four young men want to be released so badly
that they are willing to give up the hard-earned salary they have earned in their
twenty-four-hour-a-day job as prisoners. What is remarkable to me is the power
of the rhetorical frame in which this question is put. Recall that the primary mo-
tivation of virtually all the volunteers was financial, the chance to make fifteen
dollars a day for up to two weeks at a time when they had no other source of in-
The Power to Parole
141
come, just before school was to start in the fall. Now, despite all their suffering as
prisoners, despite the physical and psychological abuse they have
endless counts; the middle-of-the-night awakenings; the arbitrary, creative evil of
some of the guards; the lack of privacy; the time spent in solitary; the nakedness;
the chains; their bagged heads; the lousy food and minimal bedding—the major-
ity of the prisoners are willing to leave without pay to get out of this place.
Perhaps even more remarkable is the fact that after saying that money was
less important than their freedom, each prisoner passively submitted to the sys-
tem, holding out his hands to be handcuffed, submitting to the bag being put back
over his head, accepting the chain on his leg, and, like sheep, following the guard
back down to that dreadful prison basement. During their Parole Board hearing,
they were physically out of the prison, in the presence of some "civilians" who
were not directly associated with their tormentors downstairs. Why did none of
them say, "Since I do not want your money, I am free to quit this experiment and
demand to be released now." We would have had to obey their request and termi-
nate them at that moment.
Yet none did. Not one prisoner later told us that he had even considered that
he could quit the experiment because virtually all of them had stopped thinking
of their experience as just an experiment. They felt trapped in a prison being run
by psychologists, not by the State, as 416 had told us. What they had agreed to do
was forfeit money they had earned as prisoners—if we chose to parole them. The
power to free or bind was with the Parole Board, not in their personal decision to
stop being a prisoner. If they were prisoners, only the Parole Board had the power
to release them, but if they were, as indeed they were, experimental subjects, each
of the students always held the power to stay or quit at any time. It was apparent
that a mental switch had been thrown in their minds, from "now I am a paid ex-
perimental volunteer with full civil rights" to "now I am a helpless prisoner at the
mercy of an unjust authoritarian system."
During the postmortem, the Board discussed the individual cases and the
overall reactions of this first set of prisoners. There was a clear consensus that
all the prisoners seemed nervous, edgy, and totally consumed by their role as pris-
oners.
Prescott sensitively shares his real concerns for Prisoner 1037. He accurately
detects a deep depression building in this once fearless rebel ringleader: "It's just a
feeling that you get, living around people who jump over prison tiers to their
deaths, or cut their wrists. Here's a guy who had himself together sufficiently to
present himself to us, but there were lags between his answers. Then the last guy
in, he's coherent, he knows what's happened, he still talks about 'an experiment,'
but at the same time, he's willing to sit and talk about his father, he's willing to sit
and talk about his feelings. He seemed unreal to me, and I'm basing that just on
the feeling I had. The second guy, the Oriental [Asian-American] prisoner, he's a
stone. To me, he was like a stone."
In summation, Prescott offers the following advice: "I join the rest of the
142 The Lucifer Effect
group and propose letting a couple of prisoners out at different times, to try to get
the prisoners trying to figure out what they have to begin to do in order to get out.
Also, releasing a few prisoners soon would give some hope to the rest of them, and
relieve some of their feelings of desperation."
The consensus seems to be to release the first prisoner soon, big Jim-4325,
and then number three, Rich-1037, later on, perhaps replacing them with other
standby prisoners. There are mixed feelings about whether 3401 or 7258 should
be released next, or at all.
What Have We Witnessed Here?
Three general themes emerge from the first Parole Board hearings: the bound-
aries between simulation and reality have been blurred; the prisoners' sub-
servience and seriousness has steadily increased in response to the guards'
ever-greater domination, and there has been a dramatic character transforma-
tion in the performance of the Parole Board head, Carlo Prescott.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |