partment was alerted to our study and prior arrangements were made for any
medical care subjects might need. Approval was officially sought and received in
writing from the agency sponsoring the research, the Group Effectiveness B r a n c h
of the Office of Naval Research (ONR), the Stanford Psychology Department, and
Stanford's Institutional Review Board ( I R B ) .
7
Aside from having the subjects arrested by police, there was no deception of
the participants. Moreover, my staff and I repeatedly reminded the guards not to
be physically abusive to the prisoners, individually or collectively. However, we did
not extend the mandate to restrict psychological abuse.
Another factor that complicates assessing the ethics of this study is that our
prison was open to inspection by outsiders, who should have protected the rights
of the participants. Imagine you were a prisoner suffering in this setting. If you
were a prisoner in our jail, who would you have wanted as your supporter? W h o
might have pressed the "Exit" button for you if you were unable to press it your-
self? Would it have been the Catholic priest/prison chaplain when he saw you cry-
ing? Not a chance. How about your mom and pop. friends, family? Wouldn't they
intervene after they noticed that your condition was deteriorating? None ever did.
Maybe help would have come from one of the many professional psychologists,
graduate students, secretaries, or staff of the Psychology Department, some of
whom watched live-action videos of parts of the study, took part in Parole Board
The SPE: Ethics and Extensions
237
hearings, or spoke to participants during interviews or when they were in the
storage closet during the "break-in" fiasco. No help for you from that source.
As noted, each of these onlookers fell into playing a passive role. They all ac-
cepted my framing of the situation, which blinded them to the real picture. They
also intellectualized because the simulation seemed real; or because of the real-
ism of the role-playing; or because they focused solely on the minutiae of the ex-
perimental design. Moreover, the bystanders did not see the more severe abuses as
they were unfolding, nor were the participants willing to disclose them fully to
outsiders, even to close friends and families. They were driven, perhaps, by embar-
rassment, pride, or a sense of "manliness." So many c a m e and looked but did not
see and just walked away.
Finally, what we did right was to engage in extensive debriefing, not just for
three hours following the experiment but also on several subsequent occasions
when most of the participants returned to review the videos and see a slide show
of the study. I maintained contact with most of the participants for several years
after the conclusion of the experiment, sending copies of articles, my congres-
sional testimony, news clippings, and notices of upcoming TV shows on the SPE.
Over the years, about a half dozen of the participants have joined me in some of
these national broadcasts. I am still in contact with a few of them more than
three decades later.
What was important about the extensive debriefing sessions was that they
gave the participants a chance to openly express their strong feelings and to gain
a new understanding of themselves and their unusual behavior in a novel, alien
setting. Our method was a form of "process debriefing"
8
in which we made ex-
plicit that some effects and beliefs that are developed in an experiment can last be-
yond the limits of the experiment. We explained the reasons they should not in
this special case. I emphasized that what they had done was diagnostic of the
negative nature of the prison situation that we had created for them and was not
diagnostic of their personalities. I reminded them that they had been carefully se-
lected, precisely because they were normal and healthy, and that they had been
assigned randomly to one or the other of the two roles. They did not bring any
pathology into the place; rather, the place elicited pathology of various kinds from
them. In addition, I informed them that their peers likewise had done almost any-
thing that any one prisoner did that was demeaning or disordered. The same was
true of most of the guards, who at some time were abusive of the prisoners. They
behaved as they did in the role exactly as their shift mates had.
I also tried to make the debriefing a lesson on "moral education" by explicitly
discussing the moral conflicts we all faced throughout the study. A pioneering
theorist in moral development, Larry Kohlberg. has argued that such discussions
within the context of moral conflict are the primary, perhaps the only way to in-
crease an individual's level of moral development.
9
Recall that the data from the mood adjective checklist showed that both pris-
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