2 2 8
The Lucifer Effect
cealing the truth of human cruelty and destruction, such as: Sonderbehandlung
(special treatment); Sonderaktion (special action), Umsiedlung (resettlement), and
Evakuierrung (evacuation). "Special treatment" was the code name for the physi-
cal extermination of people, sometimes shortened to SB for efficiency SS head
Reinhard Heydrich outlined basic principles of security during the war in a 1 9 3 9
statement: "A distinction must be made between those who may be dealt with in
the usual way and those who must be given special treatment [Sonderbehandlung].
The latter case covers subjects who, due to their most objectionable nature, their
dangerousness, or their ability to serve as tools of propaganda for the enemy, are
suitable for elimination, without respect for persons, by merciless treatment (usu-
ally by e x e c u t i o n ) . "
2 9
For the Nazi doctors who were enlisted to make the selections of inmates for
extermination or experimentation, there was often a question of split loyalty—"of
conflicting oaths, contradictions between murderous cruelty and momentary
kindness which SS doctors seemed to manifest continuously during their time in
Auschwitz. For the schism tended not to be resolved. Its persistence was part of
the overall psychological equilibrium that enabled the SS doctor to do his deadly
work. He became integrated into a large, brutal, highly functional system. . . .
Auschwitz was a collective effort."
3 0
CHAPTER ELEVEN
The SPE: Ethics and Extensions
We've traveled too far, and our momentum has taken over: We
move idly towards eternity, without possibility of reprieve or
hope of explanation.
—Tom Stoppard, Rosencrantz and
Guildenstern Are Dead, Act 3 ( 1 9 6 7 )
We have seen the way in which the momentum of the simulated Stanford
Prison took over the lives of those within its walls—mostly for the worse. In the
previous chapter, I sketched a rough answer to the question of how people could
be so swiftly and radically transformed. In particular, I pointed out the ways in
which situational and systemic forces operated in tandem to spoil the fruits of
human nature.
Our young research participants were not the proverbial "Bad Apples" in an
otherwise good barrel. Rather, our experimental design ensured that they were
initially good apples and were corrupted by the insidious power of the bad barrel,
this prison. Of course, compared to the toxic and lethal nature of real civilian and
military prisons, our Stanford Prison was relatively benign. The changes in the
ways our volunteer participants thought, felt, and behaved in this environment
were the consequences of known psychological processes that operate on all of us
in various ways in many situations—albeit not so intensely, pervasively, and re-
lentlessly. They were enmeshed in a "total situation" whose impact was greater
than most ordinary situations that we move into and out of repeatedly at will.
1
Consider the possibility that each of us has the potential, or mental tem-
plates, to be saint or sinner, altruistic or selfish, gentle or cruel, submissive or
dominant, sane or mad, good or evil. Perhaps we are born with a full range of ca-
pacities, each of which is activated and developed depending on the social and
cultural circumstances that govern our lives. I will argue that the potential for
perversion is inherent in the very processes that make human beings do all the
wonderful things we do. Each of us is the end product of the complex develop-
ment and specialization that have grown out of millions of years of evolution,
growth, adaptation, and coping. Our species has reached its special place on
Earth because of our remarkable capacity for learning, for language, for reason-
ing, for inventing, and for imagining new and better futures. Every human being
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