2 2 4 The Lucifer Effect the extent that they represent impulsive, often unpredictable individual reactions
when uniformity of mass reactions is the expected norm. Our prisoners were de-
humanized in many ways by the treatment of the guards and by degrading insti-
tutional procedures. However, they soon added to their own dehumanization by
suppressing their emotional responses except when they "broke down." Emotions
are essential to humanness. Holding emotions in check is essential in prisons be-
cause emotions are a sign of weakness that reveal one's vulnerability both to the
guards and to other prisoners. We will explore more fully the destructive effects of
dehumanization as it relates to moral disengagement in chapter 1 3 .
S E R E N D I P I T Y S H I N E S ITS S P O T L I G H T O N T H E S P E What transformed our experiment into a major example of the psychology of evil
was a series of dramatic, unexpected events that occurred shortly after our study
ended—a massacre at California's San Quentin State Prison and a massacre at
New York State's Attica Correctional Facility. These two events helped to catapult
into national prominence a little academic experiment designed to test a theoreti-
cal notion of situational power. Here I will only outline key aspects of these events
and their consequences for the SPE and me. Please see
www.lucifereffect.com
for
a fuller treatment of the details along with the concurrent rise of the Black Pan-
ther Party and the Weather Underground radical student group.
The day after the SPE was terminated, a number of guards and prisoners
were killed at San Quentin Prison in an alleged escape attempt headed by the
black political prison activist George Jackson. Three weeks later, across the coun-
try in upstate New York, prisoners rioted at Attica Prison. They took over the
prison and held nearly forty guards and civilian staff as hostages for five days. In-
stead of negotiating the prisoners' demands to change their conditions of oppres-
sion and the dehumanization they were experiencing, New York Governor Nelson
Rockefeller ordered state troopers to retake the prison by all means necessary.
They shot and killed more than forty of the inmates and hostages in the yard and
wounded many others. The temporal proximity of these two events put prison
conditions on center stage. I was invited to give testimonies to several congres-
sional committees based on extensions of what I had learned from the SPE to pris-
ons in general. I also became an expert witness for one of the six prisoners
involved in the San Quentin State Prison massacre. Around that time, a media
correspondent who saw me in a televised debate with San Quentin's associate
warden decided to do a documentary on the SPE on national television (NBC's
Chronolog, November 1 9 7 1 ) . A Life magazine feature soon followed, and the SPE
was off and running.