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The Lucifer Effect
has the potential to perfect the skills, talents, and attributes we need to go beyond
surviving to thrive in and enhance our human condition.
T H E P E R V E R S I O N O F H U M A N P E R F E C T I B I L I T Y
Could some of the world's evil result from ordinary people operating in circum-
stances that selectively elicit bad behavior from their natures? Let's answer such a
question with a few general examples and then refocus on the normal human
processes that became degraded in the SPE. Memory enables us to profit from mis-
takes and build upon the known to create better futures. However, with memory
come grudges, revenge, learned helplessness, and the rumination over trauma
that feeds depression. Likewise, our extraordinary ability to use language and
symbols enables us to communicate with others personally, abstractly, over time
and place. Language provides the foundation for history, planning, and social
control. However, with language come rumors, lies, propaganda, stereotypes,
and coercive rules. Our remarkable creative genius leads to great literature,
drama, music, science, and inventions like the computer and the Internet. Yet
that same creativity c a n be perverted into inventing torture chambers and tor-
ture tactics, into paranoid ideologies and the Nazis' efficient system of mass mur-
der. Any one of our special attributes contains the possibility of its opposite
negative, as in the dichotomies of love-hate; pride-arrogance; self-esteem-
self-loathing.
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The fundamental human need to belong comes from the desire to associate
with others, to cooperate, to accept group norms. However, the SPE shows that
the need to belong can also be perverted into excessive conformity, compliance,
and in-group versus out-group hostility. The need for autonomy and control, the
central forces toward self-direction and planning, can be perverted into an exces-
sive exercise of power to dominate others or into learned helplessness.
Consider three more such needs that can cut both ways. First, needs for consis-
tency and rationality give meaningful and wise direction to our lives. Yet dissonant
commitments force us to honor and rationalize wrong-headed decisions, such as
prisoners remaining when they should have quit and guards justifying their
abuse. Second, needs to know and to understand our environment and our relationship
to it lead to curiosity, scientific discovery, philosophy, the humanities, and art. But
a capricious, arbitrary environment that does not make sense can pervert those
basic needs and lead to frustration and self-isolation (as it did in our prisoners).
And finally, our need for stimulation triggers explorations and adventurous risk
taking, but it can also make us vulnerable to boredom when we are placed in a
static setting. Boredom, in turn, can become a powerful motivator of actions as
we saw with the SPE night shift guards to have fun with their "playthings."
However, let me make clear one critical point: understanding the "why" of
what was done does not excuse "what" was done. Psychological analysis is not
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