Putting the System on Trial
4 0 1
"The officials who saw the photos on January 1 4 , 2 0 0 4 , not realizing their
likely significance, did not recommend the photos be shown to more senior
officials." Based on the interim report to CJTF-7 and CENTCOM comman-
ders in mid-March 2 0 0 4 , "their impact was not appreciated by these offi-
cers or their staff officers as indicated by the failure to transmit them in a
timely fashion to more senior officials. Again, the reluctance to move bad
news up the chain of command was a factor impeding notification of the
Secretary of Defense.
General Richard Myers, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, tried to delay
public showing of the photos by CBS Television in April 2 0 0 4 , so he must have re-
alized that they had some "likely significance." Nevertheless, as I have mentioned
previously, this top general felt free to say publicly that he knew these events were
not "systematic" but rather were due to the criminal actions of a "few bad ap-
ples."
The Social Psychology of Inhumane Treatment of Others
Among the dozen investigations of abuses in military detention facilities, the
Schlesinger Report is unique in offering a detailed consideration of the ethical is-
sues involved and in summarizing the psychological stressors and the situational
forces operating in Abu Ghraib Prison. Unfortunately, both of these special fea-
tures are tucked away at the end of the report in Appendices H, "Ethics," and
G, "Stressors and Social Psychology," when they should have been highlighted.
Of personal relevance is the committee's identification of parallels between
the Stanford Prison Experiment and the Abu Ghraib abuses. Let's briefly review
the main points raised in this section of the Schlesinger Report:
The potential for abusive treatment of detainees during the Global War on
Terrorism was entirely predictable based on a fundamental understanding
of the principle of social psychology principles [sic] coupled with an
awareness of numerous known environmental risk factors.. . . Findings
from the field of social psychology suggest that the conditions of war and
the dynamics of detainee operations carry inherent risks for human mis-
treatment, and therefore must be approached with great caution and
careful planning and training.
However, the report noted that most military leaders are unacquainted with
such important risk factors. In addition, the Schlesinger Report made clear that
understanding the psychological foundations of the abusive behaviors does not
excuse the perpetrators—as I have stated previously throughout this book: "Such
conditions neither excuse nor absolve the individuals who engaged in deliberate
immoral or illegal behaviors" even though "certain conditions heightened the
possibility of abusive treatment."
402
The Lucifer Effect
The Lessons of the Stanford Prison Experiment
The Schlesinger Report boldly proclaimed that the "landmark Stanford study pro-
vides a cautionary tale for all military detention operations." In contrasting the
Abu Ghraib environment to the relatively benign environment of the Stanford
Prison Experiment, the report makes it evident that "in military detention opera-
tions, soldiers work under stressful combat conditions that are far from benign."
The implication is that those combat conditions might be expected to generate
even more extreme abuses of power by military police than were observed in our
mock prison experiment. The Schlesinger Report continues to explore the central
issue we have been dealing with throughout our Lucifer Effect journey.
"Psychologists have attempted to understand how and why individuals and
groups who usually act humanely c a n sometimes act otherwise in certain cir-
cumstances." Among the concepts the report outlined to help explain why abu-
sive behaviors occur among ordinarily humane individuals are the following:
deindividuation, dehumanization, enemy image, groupthink, moral disengage-
ment, social facilitation, and other environmental factors.
One such environmental factor singled out was the widespread practice of
stripping detainees. "The removal of clothing as an interrogation technique
evolved into something much broader, resulting in the practice of groups of de-
tainees being kept naked for extended periods of time at Abu Ghraib." In its very
sensitive analysis of why this practice of enforced nakedness played a causal role
in the abuses of detainees by MPs and others in Tier 1 A, the Schlesinger Report
noted that the initial intention was to make detainees feel more vulnerable and to
become more compliant with interrogators. However, it describes how this tactic
eventually fostered dehumanizing conditions on that tier.
Over time, "this practice is likely to have had a psychological impact on
guards and interrogators as well. The wearing of clothes is an inherently social
practice, and therefore the stripping away of clothing may have had the unin-
tended consequence of dehumanizing detainees in the eyes of those who inter-
acted with them. . . . Dehumanization lowers moral and cultural barriers that
usually preclude . . . the abusive treatment of others."
Common to these investigative reports, and the others not included here, are
two key elements: they specify a variety of situational and environmental contribu-
tors to the abuses at Abu Ghraib; they also identify many systemic and structural
contributors to those abuses. However, because top military brass or the secretary
of defense, Donald Rumsfeld, commissioned them, the authors of these dozen re-
ports stop short of attributing blame to higher levels in the chain of command.
For a clearer focus on that bigger picture, we leave this evidentiary founda-
tion for our case and turn next to a recent report from Human Rights Watch, the
largest such organization that works to defend human rights worldwide. (See
www.hrw.org
.)
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