Литература по учебной дисциплине «Практика устной и письменной речи»

The connotative component of lexical meaning expresses the pragmatic communicative value the word receives depending on where, when, how, by whom, for what purpose, and in what contexts it is used. Unlike the denotative component, the connotative component is optional.
There are four main types of connotation. They are stylistic, emotive, evaluative and expressive, or intensifying.
The connotation is stylistic when associations concern the situation in which the word is uttered (formal, familiar, etc.), the social relationships between the interlocutors (polite, rough, etc.), the purpose of communication (poetic, official, etc.). E.g., parent (bookish) – father (neutral) – dad (colloquial).
An emotional connotation is acquired by the word if the referent named in the denotative meaning is associated with emotions. In the synonyms, e.g., big –large –tremendous and like – love – worship the emotive charge of the words tremendous and worship is heavier than that of the other words.
An evaluative connotation expresses approval or disapproval, e.g., clique – group, magic – witchcraft, etc.
A fourth type of connotation is the intensifying connotation (also expressive, emphatic). Thus, splendid and superb are both used colloquially as terms of exaggeration.
Many English words may have both denotative and connotative meanings. Thus, the nouns bear, fox, pig, goose, parrot, rat and some others in their stylistically neutral meaning designate definite animals or birds, but when figuratively reinterpreted, they often acquire a vituperative (abusive) connotation.
From the semasiological side, words may be monosemantic or polysemantic.
Monosemantic words are sometimes represented by a whole lexico-grammatical class, as it is in case of all pronouns, numerals, conjunctions, and various nomenclature words (terms). E.g.: we, she, nobody, ten, thirty, and, or, atom, oxygen, sugar, today, etc.
The semantic structure of the bulk of English polysemantic nouns is typically richer than that of the corresponding Russian nouns. Thus, the English noun boat can mean лодка, судно/корабль, шлюпка; the noun coat in English can mean верхняя одежда, пальто, пиджак, китель, мех (животных), защитный слой краски (на предмете). Russian words may sometimes have a complicated semantic structure as well. For example, the noun путешествие may mean cruise, journey, travel, trip, tour, voyage; or the word ещё may mean still, yet, more, any more, again, else, but.
If the polysemantic structure of a word is subjected to a diachronic semantic analysis, it becomes clear that the word, as a rule, retains its original meaning, but at the same time acquires several new ones. Then the distinction should be made between the following meanings: