Lexico-semantic and linguculturological english and uzbek discoveries

2.2. Stylistic systems of puzzles .

“Folklore” means “folk wisdom”, “folk knowledge” when translated from English. The term is understood in different ways: sometimes folklore refers to any folk art - dance, music, wood carving, and even faith. Uzbek scholars traditionally refer to folklore only as oral creation. Pre-revolutionary research also said: "living antiquity", "folk literature", "folk poetry".   

The oral art of any nation is an integral part of the world heritage. Riddles represent minor (aphoristic) genres of folklore and are thus part of the world heritage. They have many similarities with proverbs and sayings in their content and artistic form. At the same time, they have their own characteristics, representing an independent folklore genre. Riddles belong to the oldest genre of oral folk poetry, closely related to human labor, the richness, complexity and intricacies of the content of people who have worked for more than a century, the ideas embedded in them. with its democratic essence and unexpected situations.     

The riddle is usually understood as a small work of folklore, built in the form of an allegory, with a complex question, which must be fully answered.

Well-known scientists engaged in the study of Uzbek folk riddles : Z. Husainova, Z. Razzokov, O. Safarov, O. Imamov and others. English riddles are little learned. They are not a part of English folklore, but, perhaps, part of the old English poetry is . 

The Uzbek puzzle sentence corresponds to an English riddle, which means “to ask someone a question that is difficult to understand, to have an unexpected answer (a riddle is to ask someone to give as a game that is difficult to understand and has an amazing answer). ) "means. The word in the English language mystery and riddle bee o Uzbek language translation , e nigma - a mysterious and difficult to understand b dead person, thing or situation . Mystery, riddle - something that is difficult to understand or guess .   

Like Uzbek puzzles , English puzzles help to develop figurative associative thinking, ingenuity and logic. English riddle rights to a literary origin, even though this fact is the so-called jigsaw puzzle jigsaw puzzle can be questioned because of their modern form. The English riddle usually appeared in poetic form in old English poetry or in old English literature. The oldest English-language book manuscript (Exeter) associated with the old English Literature 60 riddle poems have been preserved. For example:        

The word fræt. Me þæt þuhte

wrætlicu wyrd, ica ic þæt wundor gefrægn,

þæt se wyrm forswealg wera gied sumes,

þeof in þystro, þrymfæstne cwide

ond þæs strangan staþol. Stælgiest ne wæs

wihte þy gleawra, hee he þam wordum swealg. 

A moth ate words.

I thought that was quite curious, that a mere worm,

a thief in the dark, ate what a man wrote,

his brilliant language and its strong foundation.

The thief got no wiser for all that he fattened himself on words[14] .

 

The moth ate the words. I thought, very interesting 

it’s just a worm, a thief in the dark

the man ate what he wrote

its remarkable language and material basis.

The thief was not wise because he was deprived of words.

Answer: bookworm

In English literature, riddles had two purposes. First, to engage and engage the poet’s audience. The second is to provide information that can then be useful for the successful use or understanding of poetic language.  

The poetic form of the English riddle gained the greatest fame during the Victorian era. The puzzle usually consisted of several rhyming lines. One of the words in each line consisted of a letter entered in the name of the answer. And the last series asked most listeners what or who was being discussed, for example:   

My first is in t ea but not in leaf

My second is in t e apot and also in teeth

My third is in c a ddy but not in cosy

My fourth is in c up but not in rosy

My fifth is in h erbal and also in health

My sixth is in pepp e rmint and always in w e alth

My last is in d r ink, so what can I be?

I'm there in a classroom, do you listen to me?

Answer: Teacher [15]

In general, any confusing questions in the English language should be written in the jigsaw puzzle . Today, this is not a literary work, as in Old English, but a fun, humorous game for children . 

The Uzbek puzzle still remains an independent folklore genre. For this reason, the word riddle of the Uzbek and English puzzles for any event or object description given it serious thought is required for identification. In the riddles of all peoples , the oldest and most common form of "verbal concealment" of well-known notions about objects is a metaphor based on the transfer of similar features from one subject to another. This feature is the structure of the jigsaw iloddan before the fourth century, the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle attention . He riddle " made a good metaphor " called .          

Many Uzbek riddles are also based on metaphorical descriptions of objects or events: "The white tablecloth covered the earth " (snow); “Between the two lights I am alone in the middle” (nose); “The black cow conquered the whole field y ” (plowman) and others. However, there are a lot of metaphors do not riddle the existing existing walked in, for example: "Go back" (water) .    [16]

Non-metaphorical riddles are perceived as jokes in the form of riddles, not riddles. The figurative to solve puzzles have estimated more than lucidity and lucidity. Usually the answers to such riddles lie on the surface or in the text of the riddle . For example, " What do people in Europe call little gray cats?" (little kittens); «What makes a Dalmatian dog spotted?» (his spots); «What has a head like a cat, feet like a cat, a tail like a cat, but isn't a cat?» (a kitten); «Which one of our President had the largest shoes?» (the president with the largest feet); «If you see a bird sitting on a twig, how could you get the twig without disturbing the bird?» (wait until the bird flies away); «Some months have thirty days and some months have thirty-one days. How many months have twenty-eight days?». (All twelve months have twenty-eight days. Some have more as well )    [17] .

The above-mentioned riddle about the bookworm is not a metaphor, because the last line says that the creature that ate the book was not wise. If the creature begins to become wiser, then the answer to this riddle will be man (because after reading the book, man will be wise) and then this riddle can be considered a metaphor. 

Riddle metaphors imply the uniqueness of this genre. After all, the riddle is not just a question asked, but a very carefully thought-out question. Riddle is not just a metaphor, it is an unusual, amazing metaphor. As mentioned above, o Uzbek guess the English symbols at the jigsaw puzzle metaphors . For example, “ What is it that we often return but never borrow?” (thanks)    [18] . When you read this puzzle for the first time, you may think we are talking about any topic. But, in fact, the answer is not an object , but a word of thanks. A trail if you think carefully , we have no debt, but we can not h always tell someone thank you. There is no metaphor in the text of the riddle. However, if we know the answer, then both the riddle and the answer will have a metaphorical meaning. "Thank you back" means "thank you!" d e , if someone helps us b iron something , in other words, we thank someone ("return").     

Let's look at other examples of English metaphorical riddles : " What is a lways coming but never arrives?" (tomorrow); " Wh at is broken when you name it?" (silence); “ What lives on its own substance a nd dies when it devours itself?” (a candle); “ What is it that you must keep a fter giving it to someone else?” (a word); “ What increases the more you share it with others?” (place) [19] .

It can be concluded that English riddles are often metaphorical along with assumptions. Usually, in English or delete Uzbek , regardless of language , it is very difficult to solve the riddle. First of all, it should be sufficiently advanced visual associative thinking , and secondly, a very intelligent, riddle serious difficulties deliberately created in a logical manner, y should be able to cope. As Aristotle points out, "when we talk about what exists, the puzzle unites what is absolutely impossible at the same time." Understanding the riddles literally is not only unusual and surprising, but simply illogical, nonsense.    

Riddles often require emergency thinking guessing. For example, riddles, questions: "Can a person live without it?". The answer is "anonymous." That is, it is necessary to give one of the many possible answers, but not everyone can agree with it. You know very well , for example, that a person can not live without anything : no water , no air, and no food. A mmo you can never imagine the real answer to the riddle . The unspoken assumption is " anonymous ." In fact, people ca n’t just live without water, air, food ... but people (everyone!) Want to have their own names .       

An example of this riddle-question is the uniqueness of riddles, the existence of unexpected, often absurd assumptions . There are many puzzles with funny assumptions .  

For example, "Which month is the smallest?" The simple answer is "February." But the correct answer is May (only three letters!). "What stones are not in the sea?" - "Dry."  

There are similar riddles and funny assumptions in English. 

For example, “ Some months have thirty days and some months have thirty-one days. How many months have twenty-eight days? “ Thoughts fall in February, because this month is really only 28 days (and once every 4 years - 29). But the answer is: “ All twelve months have 28 days. Some have more as well ”.    

“ When is a yellow dog most like ly to enter a house?” The question arises, what is a “yellow dog” (“yellow dog”) and the answer does not actually depend on the dog either. Answer: “ When the door is opened ”   

In fact, o Uzbek language than English, puzzles which will form the basis of the allegori enabled more.  

For example, of "the rich, perfectly round" o Uzbek topishmog Zone, " cabbage ", no doubt. Oh Uzbek language as well as the description of the many puzzles. For example, “Ketar, ketar no trace, no knee to lean on” has a description of the river, but there is no image of an object that is allegorically reminiscent of a river . English riddles include descriptive riddles: “What has a head like a cat, feet like a cat, a tail lake a cat, but isn't a cat? »(A kitten)     

Next puzzle for this type of arithmetic puzzles . They are very similar to puzzles in school textbooks.   

For example, “The hunter was walking. I saw three crows and shot them. I killed one. How much is left in the tree? "Of course, the answer is only arithmetic: there are two crows left in the tree. But that's the wrong answer. He killed one, the others ran away . The task is pure arithmetic, and it requires the ability to guess to calculate. But there are other tasks .       

This type of puzzle for many of their English language , there are also "Math Riddles" or "Number Riddles" as the name.

M ISOLA it: " Wh en do 2 and 2 make more than 4?" (when they make 22); “ Why is 2 times 10 the same as 2 times 11 ?” (because 2 times 10 is twenty and 2 times 11 is twenty-two ( twenty, too )); "Make five less by adding to it?" (add the Roman numeral I (one) to V (five) and you get IV (four)); “Behead forty and leave fifty” (Roman numeral again! Take X (10) from XL (40) and you get L (50)); “ Why is the number 9 like a peacock?” (because it is nothing without its tail) [20] .             

 

Now let's look at the English riddles using the letters (Letter Riddles): " What 3 letters make a man of a rich?" (a, g, e: age); “ Why is the letter A like noon?” (because it is in the middle of D A Y); “ Why is the letter E like London?” (because it is the capital of E ngland); “ What ends with E and begins wit h P and has a thousand letters?” (postoffice ); “ How do we know that S is a scary letter?” (because it makes CREAM S CREAM); “ What starts with T, ends with T, and full of T?” (teapot); “ From a word of 5 let inverse, take 2 letters and have 1” (AL ONE - take the A and the L and you are left with ONE ); “ Why should I avoid the letter A?” (because it can make MEN MEAN)  [21] . 

This list goes on and on. English language like h, even if a lot of puzzles, teaching English at this type of riddle enough .   

Above, we can conclude that the British are among the "number with jigsaw puzzle jigsaw puzzle " ( Number Riddles ") and letters to be used il gan puzzles" (Letter Riddles ) are logical and semantic riddle Products Group. This type of puzzle especially develops logic, contributing to the formation of a special type of thinking.  

See, puzzles and tasks, as well as the above-mentioned range to pishmoqlar unusual questions. They are quick smart tests that develop and accelerate our mental activity. This enraged the jigsaw puzzle , with -vazifalar; Undoubtedly, they riddle -allegoriyalar, puzzles and similar comments.   

Thus, the jigsaw puzzle , and in English or delete the Uzbek language to be united, regardless of their purpose: they contribute to the educational and mental development of human nature. Therefore, riddles are studied in school. 

However, these types of puzzles are united only by vital goals. It is impossible not to notice that they are all built on a paradox. Translated from the Greek, “paradox” refers to an unexpected phenomenon that deviates from a generally accepted idea and sharply contradicts the general meaning. Among the English riddles , even the “paradoxical riddles” ( Paradox riddles ) are traditionally distinguished.    

For example: “ What is it that everyone always overlooks?” (one's nose); "What is always before you, yet you can never see it?" (your future); "What is broken when you name it?" (silence ).[22]

As a result, we have puzzles common basis of comparison device, the expectations of common sense and the most unexpected, but it is only the truth lies.

Archer Tey curd " English Riddle from Oral Tradition " (O prevailing custom of the English riddle s ) in a huge jigsaw puzzle package. This collection of English puzzles provides examples from different parts of the world, comparing English in all regions of the two hemispheres . The number of multilingual meetings Taylor compares is over a thousand; they consist of two and a half hundred languages ​​and dialects.    

Similar to a simple everyday question , an English puzzle with “no metaphor” can have multiple assumptions. It depends on the individual characteristics of the interlocutor's consciousness, the way of thinking. A person's inner spiritual nature has usually T as siativ relationships of the individual structures; the object iv reflects various aspects of the linguistic model of the world of reality. Hence, multifaceted answers to specific questions are also observed in everyday speech, but in connection with the peculiarity of the genre in which they are found, this feature of human perception is most vividly manifested.     

In English, interrogative sentences are constructed according to a specific model, in which the most important word for communicators is placed last. The puzzle “confuses” its address: the keywords that support, help to quickly and accurately determine the assumptions are deliberately moved from the end of the sentence to another place, for example, to the beginning, as in this case. But when a similar riddle is manifested in speech, the speaker can accentologically distinguish any unit of the text, as well as its specific constituent element, depending on what direction the approximate idea is intended to be directed.  

The classical riddle is based on the convergence of radically different spheres of the subject-material world and the level of abstract space. Modern English riddles work with events that are close to their activities and objects of the surrounding reality. In other words, a classical riddle is a description of different situations that are related to each other through certain semantic relationships (one situation is semantic correlation, the other is situation).  

The work of single-structured folklore neoplasms in a single play determines the existence of semantic integrity not only within the created rhyme but also at the level of the whole text. The role of the funny effect in the composition of the puzzle increases, there are games of images and meanings , which create the effect of "deceived hope" when the guess is made. "The text in the game remains more appealing, which is due to the expansion of the meaning of the characters used, as these characters get closer to the heroes."     

They find them , visit this link. However, not only real reality or events, but also a certain part of the general situation can act as a guess object . 

The sections studied explore the textual interactions of riddles and assumptions, thereby contributing to the reading of the folklore code.

Jigsaw their collection is divided in two American folklore, A. Taylor, British jigsaw puzzle rights included in the classification: the text that require special knowledge (Biblical jigsaw puzzle jigsaw puzzle rights, arithmetic problems, enraged, jigsaw puzzles s). and so on) and to characterize the real puzzles to solve, they called for y information is available. The second group of puzzles is taken for analysis and in the future the term "puzzle" will be applied to them. Based on the riddle definitions available in science, the following working definition of this language unit is proposed. A riddle is a small poetic allegorical description of an object or event of truth, formed in the form of a hidden question, experiencing the essence of the person and revealing the features of people's views of the material world .   [23]

Puzzles are unique in subject and structure. These linguistic works are insignificant, recognizable, and allegorical to things or events that are always present in human life. the existence of the object is confirmed by the riddle , and the features of its subject iv perception are actualized. The substitution of riddles is basically chosen from the same range of things and events that are as close to the person as the riddle . Focusing on the content of the real world of things and events, the puzzle contains the ideas that form the basis of life. By confusing and guessing riddles, one not only remembers the model of the world passed down by one's ancestors, but also improves its idea, because the riddle reveals a unique perception of the object, including the unusual order of the characters that the event recognizes. includes z. These linguistic units cover and cover almost all aspects of the basic structure of the world, forming the framework of the primitive worldview of people, the study and classification of puzzle topics to find : dwellings, utensils, tools, plants, animals, and so on. Riddles are clear and close to everyday life, and are included not only in terms of assumptions, in mysterious things, but also in the main images, objects of assimilation . Under the linguistic image in this study, it is legitimate to understand a two-dimensional image created using language, based on the representation of one object by another. The placement in the art nomination covers the whole puzzle . The peculiarity of the object- orientation of the image is that the riddle distinguishes only the most h- characteristic observable features of the most mysterious character , but does not give its definition. The set of symptoms is incomplete. In addition, these characters are often presented metaphorically, which complicates the guessing process. The metaphorical or metonymic assumptions in the riddle are unexpected and paradoxical. A. Taylor riddle them "Masters of property" means something completely different to describe, to describe and define the object "is completely different from each other and taqqoslanmaydigan" such interpretation .                      

In this section , looking at examples of Uzbek and English riddles , we need to highlight many of their features that are unique to English riddles . Exactly: many English riddles have the form of a pure question ("What is this ...?" Or "Why ...?") And the answer begins with the words "because ...".   

For example, in contrast to the teaching language , my Uzbek jigsaw puzzle as a fixed indirect question. Whatever the mysteries of the people we are considering, it can be said that this folklore genre is undoubtedly part of the world heritage. The poetic nature of the riddle reflects the real world of objects not only for its own benefit, but also for aesthetic purposes . Unlike proverbs, mata l, and other minor genres in folklore, the puzzle reveals a complete picture in the people’s creative imagination.