Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов

Complication
is a syntactic process that consists in transforming the 
structure of a syntactic unit from simple to complex. The complicacy of structure 
presupposes a mutual syntactic dependence of the unit’s constituents.
e.g. 
She cried. She began to cry.

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Most often, the process affects the predicate and the object.
Complication of the predicate. The following three types of complication are 
singled out according to the morphological appurtenance of the complicating 
element:
1) active-verbal complication (e.g. 
I have to go
); 
2) passive-verbal complication (e.g. 
He is expected to come
); 
3) adjectival complication (e.g. 
He is unlikely to come
).
In the first two types the complicating element is a verb either in the active 
or in the passive form respectively, in the third type – an adjective, a participle or a 
category of state word with a copula-verb. 
Complication of the object. Complication of the direct object is possible 
after verbs of certain semantics. It consists in adding an infinitive, a participle, an 
adjective, or a prepositional group to a noun or a pronoun performing the function 
of the object. The object and the complicating element stand in the relations of 
secondary predication.
e.g. 
I found him attractive. She considered me a fool. 
Complication of other sentence members expressed by nominal parts of 
speech is also possible, but it is not so widely spread.
e.g. 
complication of the subject: There is someone hiding in the kitchen. 
complication of the predicative: It was him standing in the dark.
Contamination
has a restricted usage. It can be applied only to the 
predicate. The result of contamination is the so-called