Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов

Grammatical forms
can be morphemes, synthetic forms, and grammatical 
word combinations, which are analytical forms. Synthetic forms unite both lexical 
and grammatical meanings in one word. In analytical forms there two or more 
words in which at least one element is an auxiliary. The auxiliary is a constant 
element of an analytical structure, which is devoid of lexical meaning (it renders 
grammatical meanings and is a purely grammatical element). Analytical structures 
must be differentiated from free syntactical word combinations. In free syntactical 
word combinations all the elements possess both lexical and grammatical 
meanings.
Cf. 
waiter
and 
waitress
The distinctions of gender in Russian are universal. They refer to all the 
vocabulary of the language. In English this distinction is not a grammatical 
phenomenon. The grammatical category of gender is lost. What we have now is 
some gender distinctions existing as the remnant of history. The distinction “waiter 
vs. waitress” is not universal enough to build up a grammatical category. It does 
not possess the level of grammatical abstraction characterized by an unlimited 
range of occurrence.
Cf. 
book
and 
books
-s is a form-building morpheme that builds a grammatical form because it is 
characterized by the level of grammatical abstraction realized in an unlimited range 
of occurrence.
Types of word-form derivation 
These fall under two main headings: 
(a) those limited to changes in the body of the word, without having 
recourse to auxiliary words (synthetic types),
(b) those implying the use of auxiliary words (analytical types).
Besides, there are a few special cases of different forms of a word 
being derived from altogether different stems. 

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