Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов

5. Syntactic Processes 
The relations between an elementary sentence and a sentence whose 
composition goes beyond the limits of an elementary one can be presented as 
expansion of the elementary sentence into “complete” or, on the opposite, 
curtailment of the latter to elementary. Such an interpretation of relations between 
elementary and “complete” sentences allows interpreting the elementary sentence 

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as non-expanded and the sentence the structure of which is restricted by 
components determined by the structural scheme as an expanded sentence.
Expansion of an elementary sentence is a result of work of syntactic 
processes. The basic syntactic processes include: expansion, complication, 
development, adjunction and inclusion. 
Expansion
(
расширение
) consists in adding of some syntactic units to 
another unit. The added elements have the same syntactic status as the expanded 
element. The simplest type of expansion is repetition of some element in a 
syntagmatic chain.
e.g. 
Good, good boy. I walked and walked.
Compression
goes together with expansion. A construction is compressed 
when some part common for the elements of expansion remains unexpanded. 
e.g. 
I was about to spit into his face, slam the door behind me and walk 
away
.
Elements of expansion can be connected by relations of two different types: 
1)
additive; 
2)
specificative.
Addition
(
аддиция
) takes place when each element of expansion relates to 
others as both semantically and syntactically independent unit. (e.g. 
She cried 
bitterly and with despair
.) 
Specification
(
спецификация
) can be observed when one syntactic unit 
semantically develops the other, makes it more specific. (e.g. 
I’ll give you a call 
tomorrow, after 5 p.m.)
Specificatively related units are connected both semantically and 
syntactically not only with the head word but also with the preceding element of 
specification.