Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов

Constatives
are statements about something. They are always assertions, 
never questions or inducements. 
e.g. This is my cat.
Promisives
are sentences containing a promise. Just like constatives, they 
are always declarative. 
e.g. We’ll get you a new book. 
The same is true for 
menacives
– sentences containing a threat. 
e.g. You’ll 
be sorry. 
Directives
induce the addressee to some action. 
e.g. Open the door. Come 
here. 
Two types of directives are usually differentiated: 
requestives
– sentences 
containing a request, and 
injunctives
– sentences containing an order.
Cf. Please help me with this suitcase. Get out of here! 
Offertives
are sentences containing an offer. 
e.g. Have a cigarette. 
Permissives
are sentences containing a permission or asking for a 
permission.
e.g. You may take this apple.
Prohibitives
contain prohibition. 
e.g. You are not allowed to go outside 
after 10 p.m.
Quesitives
are sentences containing a question. 
e.g. What’s your name? 

---

119
It should be noted that the specifics of pragmatic contents of an utterance 
can impose some formal restrictions on the sentence. For example, a constative can 
never be a question, promisives and menacives always refer to future and contain 
future tense forms.
Performatives
An interesting type of illocutionary speech act is that of 
performatives
. 
These are speech acts of a special kind where the utterance of the right words by 
the right person in the right situation effectively is (or accomplishes) the social act. 
In some cases, the speech must be accompanied by a ceremonial or ritual action. 
Whether the speaker in fact has the social or legal (or other kind of) standing to 
accomplish the act depends on some things beyond the mere speaking of the 
words. These are