Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов

implication
.
In mathematical logic, implication is a logical operation joining two 
propositions into one by means of the logical connector “if… then”: “if A, then B” 

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where A is the 
antecedent
and B is the 
consequent
. In linguistics, implication is not 
an operation of inference, but the result of the operation.
Another type of indirect meaning is inference. 
Inference
is an indirect 
proposition independent of negation that can possibly be inferred from the original 
utterance, but not necessarily so.
e.g. She did her best to pass the exam.

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Lecture 16 
Speech Acts Theory 
1.
Speech acts theory. Classification of speech acts.
2.
Pragmatic transposition of sentences. 
1. Speech acts theory. Classification of speech acts 
For much of the history of 
linguistics
and the 
philosophy of language
, 
language was viewed primarily as a way of making factual assertions, and the 
other uses of language tended to be ignored. However, the acclaimed work of the 
philosopher 
J. L. Austin
(1911-1960) led philosophers to pay more attention to the 
way in which language is used in everyday activities. J.L. Austin claims that many 
utterances (things people say) are equivalent to actions. When someone says: “I 
name this ship” or “I now pronounce you man and wife”, the utterance creates a 
new social or psychological reality. Speech acts theory broadly explains these 
utterances as having three parts or aspects: locutionary, illocutionary and 
perlocutionary acts. 
Locutionary acts
are simply the speech acts that have taken place.