Languages for intercultural communication and education



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CorbettAnInterculturalApproachtoEnglishLanguageTeachingLanguagesforInterculturalCommunicationandEducation7

Stories in conversation
There are times when conversation seems to depart from the relatively
even distribution of turns seen in the example of mealtime chat. Fre-
quently, one participant will take the floor and indulge in a long, sustained
turn that tells a
story
. There are different kinds of story that can be told in
conversation, and they often have a cultural purpose. In their study of
casual English conversation in Australia, Eggins and Slade (1997) identify
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Intercultural Approaches to ELT
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four types of story that would seem to have a wider application, at least in
English-speaking cultures
.
All include optional and compulsory stages
that I shall not elaborate upon here (for further details, see Eggins & Slade,
1997: 227–72). In brief:

narrative
includes some kind of crisis, which is resolved and perhaps
evaluated;

anecdote
also climaxes in a crisis – say, an embarrassing situation – but
no resolution is offered. The crisis is simply offered as something to
entertain and amuse – it is usually reacted to with laughter;

exemplum
is offered as a story with a moral – it tells us something
about how the world should or should not be;

recount
is a simple, chronological relation of events that are deemed
worthy of the listener’s appraisal. Recounts are told so that the
speaker and listener can share a similar reaction to the events
related.
Looking at these story-telling genres culturally, we can see that they have a
clear purpose in the way they establish relationships between conversa-
tional participants. There are also cultural variations in the way stories are
realised. Eggins and Slade argue that, in Australian English-speaking
culture at least, it is mainly men who tell
narratives
– narratives allow men
to tell how a crisis occurred that they were able to resolve. This puts them in
a heroic role, which gives them status in their community. Women are
more likely to tell
anecdotes
that put them in embarrassing situations in
which there is no resolution. In female-only conversations, anecdotes are
generally the preferred option; unlike men, women seem to bond by
offering examples of their personal vulnerability.
Exemplums
are used by
both sexes to seek group approval for a particular ethical or moral stance,
and
recounts
seek confirmation of what the group deems normal and what
it deems strange, funny or disturbing. The genres listed above can be
combined in more complex conversational exchanges such as ‘second
stories’.

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