newer still, emerging in Britain, at least, from a cross-fertilisation of
sociology and literary studies in the 1950s and1960s and even now not
represented independently in many universities at undergraduate or
postgraduate level. When cultural studies is taught, it is usually within
literature, media or sociology courses, or at postgraduate level in interdis-
ciplinary ‘centres’ or ‘schools’. The developing discipline in the UK is
sometimes labelled ‘British cultural studies’ to distinguish its method-
ological strategies and disciplinary concerns from its North American
counterpart. ‘British’ cultural studies has nevertheless been effectively
exported elsewhere, for example to Australia (Turner, 1990) and Brazil.
Despite the ‘British’ label, the concerns of British cultural studies are as
much with American as British popular culture, and it is influenced by
European intellectuals, such as Marx and Foucault.
As literary, media and cultural studies have developed in Britain the
disciplines have undergone various crises of identity and substantial
refashioning of their core beliefs. English literature evolved from a subject
concerned with rhetoric into a discipline whose teachers promoted them-
selves as no less than the guardians of civilised values, values which were
themselves stored in the ‘great tradition’ of writing in English. The energies
of the profession were – and in some places still are – directed towards dis-
criminating between those works that enshrine eternal values that
deserve to be celebrated and preserved (i.e. ‘canonical’ texts), and those
works that do not. Literary critics from F.R. Leavis to Harold Bloom have
taken on the mantle of guardian of the English literary heritage, and, by
extension, of Western culture (e.g. Leavis, 1948; Bloom, 1995). As the 20th
century progressed, the criteria for canonisation and exclusion were
increasingly contested – the celebration and exclusion of texts was seen as
motivated more by factors such as class and gender than ‘timeless value’.
‘English literature’ itself became politicised, and was seen as a way in
which middle-class white males withheld power from groups such as the
working classes, women, and other races. The discipline itself became
engaged in examining these processes of inclusion and exclusion, and the
way literary texts interact with wider social processes and power relations
between different social groups.
The development of media studies can be seen partly as a reaction
against the ‘high culture’ of English literature. The popular media are
undoubtedly important and deserving of academic study. However,
given their relative novelty and popularity, it was initially difficult to
make the case that television programmes or cinema films enshrined the
eternal values of a great tradition. One central concern of media studies
was (and still to some extent is) the ‘effects’ of media products. From an
initial assumption that media products were dangerous propaganda that
Using Literary, Media and Cultural Studies
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the language and wider social behaviour of the target culture. To do this,
we must first look at models of text and discourse processing.
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